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Chapters 4,5,14
Parts of the Brain and their Functions
78
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
09/30/2011

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Term
Central Nervous System
Definition
Brain and Spinal cord
Term
Peripheral Nervous System
Definition
All the nerves outside the brain and spinal cord
Term
Somatic Nervous System
Definition
Component of CNS, axons conveying messages from the sense organs to the CNS to the muscles
Term
Autonamic Nervous System
Definition
Component of the CNS, controls the heart, the intestines and other organs
Term
Contralateral
Definition
on the opposite side of the body
Term
ipsilateral
Definition
same side of body
Term
Lamina
Definition
a row or layer of cell bodies separated from other cell bodies by a layer of axons or dendrites
Term
Column
Definition
cells perpendicular to the surface with similar properties
Term
tract
Definition
a set of axons in the CNS (also know as projection)
Term
Fissure
Definition
Indentation/groove in the brain
Term
Gyrus
Definition
a protuberance (lump) on the surface of the brain
Term
Sulcus
Definition
a fold or groove that seperates one gyrus from another
Term
Spinal Cord
Definition
part of the CNS within the spinal column. communicates with all muscles and organs except those in the head
Term
Bell-Magendie Law
Definition
the entering dorsal roots (axon bundles) carry sensory information and the exiting ventral roots carry motor information
Term
Dorsal Root Ganglia
Definition
Conveys sensory (touch) info
Term
Ventral Root Ganglia
Definition
Conveys motor commands to the muscle
Term
gray matter
Definition
H shaped - in the center of the spinal cord, densely packed with cell bodies and dendrites.
Term
white matter
Definition
many neurons of the spinal cord send axons from the gray matter to the brain or other parts of the spinal cord through the white matter which consists mostly of alientated axons
Term
Autonamic Nervous System
Definition
receives information from and send commands to the heart intestines and other organs
Term
Sypathetic Nervous System
Definition
A network of nerves that prepare the organs for vigorous activitiy consists of chains of ganglia just to the left an right of the spinal cord's central regions (the thorasic and lumbar areas) increases heart rate.
Term
Parasympathetic Nervous System
Definition
facilitates vegatative non-emergency responses. (Decreases heart rate.)
Term
The hindbrain
Definition
The posterior part of the brain:
Medulla, pons, cerebellum
Term
Substantia Nigra
Definition
gives rise to the dopamine, pathway that facilitates readiness for movement.
Term
Forebrain
Definition
2 hemispheres, cerebral cortex, thalmus, basal ganglia, limbic system.
Term
Pons
Definition
contains nuclei for several cranial nerves, many axons in the pons cross from one side to the other
Term
Medulla
Definition
controls breathing, heart rate, vomiting, salvation, coughing, sneezing
Term
Cerebellum
Definition
A large hindbrain structure with very deep folds
Term
brain stem
Definition
medulla, pons, the midbrain, and certain central structures of the forebrain.
Term
Reticular Formation
Definition
network of neurons in the medulla and other parts of the brain: descending - controls motor of the spinal cord. ascending - increases arousal and attention in various forebrain areas
Term
Raphe System
Definition
Sends axons to much of the forebrain, modifying the brains readiness to respond to stimuli.
Term
Cranial Nerves
Definition
Control Sensations from the head and much of the parasympathetic output to the organs and muscle movements in the head.
Term
midbrain
Definition
superior colliculus, inferior colliculus, tegmentum, substantia negra, tectum
Term
inferior colliculus
Definition
for hearing
Term
superior colliculus
Definition
for vision
Term
tegmentum
Definition
covers several other midbrain structures
Term
thalamus
Definition
main source of input to cerebral cortex
Term
basal ganglia
Definition
plays major role in certain aspects of movement
Term
limbic system
Definition
olfactory bulb, hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, cingulate gyrus of the cerebral cortex
Term
hypothalamus
Definition
conveys messages to the pituitary gland altering its release of hormones
Term
pituitary gland
Definition
synthesizes and releases hormones into the blood-stream which carries them to other organs
Term
central canal
Definition
a fluid filled channel in the center of the spinal cord
Term
meninges
Definition
membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord
Term
corpus collosum
Definition
large set of axons that connect the two hemispheres of the cerebral cortex
Term
anterior commissure
Definition
set of axons connecting the two cerebral hemispheres, smaller
Term
Four lobes of the cerebral cortex
Definition
occipital lobe, parietal lobe, frontal lobe, temporal lobe
Term
occipital lobe
Definition
visual information
Term
parietal lobe
Definition
touch sensations and information from muscle-stretch receptors and joint receptors
Term
temporal lobe
Definition
auditory info
Term
Frontal lobe
Definition
contains the primary motor cortex and the prefrontal cortex
Term
Prefrontal Lobotomy
Definition
surgical disconnection of the prefrontal cortex from the rest of the brain. meant to cure sever mental disabilities. Caused loss of planning abilities, memory disorders, distractability, and loss of emotional expressions
Term
Proliferation
Definition
the production of new cells
Term
Myelination
Definition
the process by which glia produce the insulating fatty sheaths that accelerate transmission in many vertebrae
Term
nueronal migration
Definition
chemicals such as immunoglobulins and chemokins guide this.
Term
Differentiates
Definition
when primitive neurons change and form axons and dendrites
Term
myelination process
Definition
myelin forms in the spinal cord, then in the hindbrain, midbrain, and forbrain. Continues gradually for decades.
Term
Synaptogenisis
Definition
the formation of synapses - continues throughout your life span, neurons form new synapses and discard old ones
Term
Stem Cells
Definition
undifferentiated cells that can divide and produce daughter cells that develop more specialized properties - differentiate in the hippocampus
Term
Nerve Growth Factor (NGF)
Definition
promotes survival and growth of the axon
Term
apoptosis
Definition
a programmed mechanism of cell death
Term
neurotrophin
Definition
a chemical that promotes the survival and activity of neurons
Term
stroke
Definition
temporary loss of normal blood flow to the brain area
Term
ischemia
Definition
the result of a blood clot or other obstruction in the artery
Term
hemorrhage
Definition
the result of a ruptured artery
Term
Tissue Plasminogen Activator (tPA)
Definition
a drug that breaks up clots
Term
corpus collosum
Definition
a set of axons where the left and right hemispheres of the cerebral cortex exchange information
Term
lateralization
Definition
the division of labor between the two hemispheres
Term
visual field
Definition
what is visible at any moment
Term
optic chiasm
Definition
where half the axons from each eye cross to the opposite side of the brain
Term
epilepsy
Definition
repeated episodes of excessive synchronized neural activity
Term
split brain patient
Definition
a person who has undergone the surgery of severing the corpus collosum from the cerebral cortex
Term
Left Hemisphere
Definition
Specialized for language
Term
right hemisphere
Definition
dominant for recognizing emotions in others
Term
anterior commissure
Definition
connects the anterior parts of the cerebral cortex
Term
hippocampal commissure
Definition
connects the left and the right hippocampi
Term
language acquisition device
Definition
a built in mechanism for acquiring language
Term
Noam Chomsky & Steven Pinker
Definition
proposed the idea of the language acquisition device
Term
Broca's Aphasia
Definition
people with brain damage suffer impaired language production
Term
Wernicke's Aphasia
Definition
characterized by poor language comprehension and impaired ability to remember the names of objects
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