Term
| the process by which children learn the behaviors, attitudes, and expectations required of them by thier society or culture |
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Definition
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| an infant touched on the cheek or corner of the mouth will turn toward the touch and search for something to suck on |
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| an infant will suck on anything suckable, such as a nipple or finger |
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| an infant can swallow, though this reflex is not yet well coordinating with breathing |
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| in response to a loud noise or a physical shock, an infant will throw its arms outward and arch its back |
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| in response to a touch on the bottom of the foot, the infant will splay its toes outward and then curl them in |
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| in response to a touch on the palm of the hand, an infant will grasp |
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| if held so that the feet just touch the ground, an infant will show "walking" movements, alternating the feet in steps |
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| in primates, the innate pleasure derived from close physical contact; it is the basis of an infant's first attachment |
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| the distress that most children develop, at about 6 to 8 months of age, when their primary caregivers temporarily leave them with others |
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| a child's first word combinations, which omit unnecessary words |
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Term
| according to many psycholinguists, an innate mental module that allows young children to develop language if they are exposed to an adequate sampling of conversation |
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Definition
| language acquisition device |
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Term
| in piaget's thory, the process of absoribing new information into existing cognitive schemas |
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| an integrated mental network of knowledge, beliefs, and expectations concerning a particular category or concept |
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Definition
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| in piaget's theory, the process of modifying existing cognitive schemas in response to experience and new information |
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| the understanding, which develops throughout the first year, that an object continues to exist even when you cannot see it or touch it |
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| seeing the world from only your own point of view; the inability to take another person's perspective |
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| the understanding that the physical properties of objects--such as the number of items in a cluster or the amount of liquid in a glass can remain the same even when their form or appearance changes |
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Definition
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| This stage occurs from age 0-2. Object permanence takes place and the beginning of capacity to use mental images and symbols |
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Definition
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Term
| this stage occurs from age 2-7. Accelerated use of symbols and language occurs |
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Definition
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| this stage occurs between ages 7 to 12. At this age, there is an understanding of conservation, understanding of identiy, and understanding of serial ordering |
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Definition
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| this stage occurs from age 12 to adulthood. there is abstract reasoning and ability to compare and classify ideas |
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| a method of child rearing in which the parent uses punishment and auhtority to correct the child's misbehavior |
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Definition
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| a method of child rearing in which the parent appeals to the child's own resources, abilities, sense of responsibility, and feelings for others in correcting misbehavior |
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| the funamental sense of being male or female; it is independent of whether the person comforms to the social and cultural rules of of gender |
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Definition
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| the process by which children learn the abilities, interests, personality traits, and behaviors associated with being masculine or femine in their culutre |
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Definition
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| a cognitive schema (mental network) of knowledge, beliefs, metaphors, and expectations about hwat it means to be male or female |
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Definition
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| erikson's 8 stages: trust vs._____. ; autonomy vs. ____and ____; initiative vs. _____; competence vs. _____; identitity vs. _____; intimacy vs. ____.; generativity vs. _____; ego integrity vs. _____. |
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Definition
| mistrust; shame and doubt; guilt; role confusion; isolation; stagnation; despair |
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Term
| the capacity of deductive reasoning and the ability to use new information to solve problems; it is relatively independent of education and tends to decline in old age |
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Definition
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Term
| cognitive skills and specific knowledge of information acquired over a lifetime; it is heavily depedent on education and tends to remain stable over the lifetime |
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Definition
| crystallized intelligence |
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Term
| the portion of the nervous system consiting of the brain and spianl cord |
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Definition
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| a collection of neurons and supportive tissue running from the base of the brain down the center of the back, protected by a column of bones |
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| automatic behaviors produced by the spinal cord without brain involvement |
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| all portions of the nervous system outside the brain and spinal cord; it includes sensory and motor nerves |
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Definition
| peripheral nervous system |
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Term
| the subdivision of the peripheral nervous system that connects to sensory receptors and to skeletal muscles; sometimes called the skeletal nervous system |
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Definition
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| the subdivision of the peripheral nervous system that regulates the internal organs and glands |
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Definition
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| The peripheral nervous system is divided into: ____and ______. |
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Definition
| somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system |
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Term
| the subdivision of the automic nervous system that mobilizes bodily resources and increases the output of energy during emotion and stress |
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Definition
| sympathetic nervous system |
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Term
| the subdivision of the autonomic nervous system that operates during relaxed states and that conserves energy |
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Definition
| parasympathetic nervous system |
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Term
| The autonomic nervous system is divided into : _____. |
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Definition
| sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system |
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Term
| a cell that conducts electrochemical signals; the basic unit of the nervous system; also called a nerve cell |
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Definition
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Term
| cells that support, nurture, and insulate neurons, remove debris when neurons die, and modify neuronal functioning |
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Definition
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| a neurons's branches that receive information from other nuerons and transmit it toward the cell body |
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Definition
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| the part of the neuron that keeps it alive and determines whether it will fire |
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Definition
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| a neuron's extending fiber that conducts impulses away from the cell body and transmits themto other neurons or to muscle or gland cells |
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Definition
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Term
| a fatty insultation that may surround the axon of a neuron |
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Definition
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| a bundle of nerve fibers in the periphral nervous system |
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Definition
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| immature cells that renew themselves and have the potential to develop into mature cells; given encouraging envirionments, these cells coming from early embros can develop into any cell type |
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Definition
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Term
| the site where transmission of a nerve impusle from one nerve cell to another occurs; it includes the axon terminal, the synaptic cleft, and receptor sites in the membrane of the receving cell |
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Definition
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Term
| a brief change in electrical voltage that occurs when a neuron is stimulated; it serves to produce an electrical impulse |
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Definition
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Term
| a chemical substance that is released by a transmitting neuron at the synapse and that alters the activity of a receving neuron |
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Definition
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Term
| serotonin, dopamine, acetylcholine, norepinephrine, GABA, and glutamate are all ____. |
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Definition
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Term
| chemical substances in the nervous system that are similar in structure and acition to opiates; they are involved in pain reduction, pleasure, and memory, and are known techincally as endogenous opiod peptides |
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Definition
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Term
| chemical substances, secreted by organs called glands, that affect the functioning of other organs |
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| internal organs that produce hormones and release them into the bloodstream |
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Definition
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Term
| a hormone secreted by the pineal gland, that involved in the regulation fo dailty biological rythms and promotes sleep |
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Definition
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Term
| hormones that are produced by the adrenal glands that are involved in emotion and stress |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three main sex hormones? |
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Definition
| androgens, estrogen, progesterone |
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Term
| a reccording of nerual activity detected by electrodes |
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Definition
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Term
| a method for analyzing biochemical activity in the brain, using injections of a glucoselike substance contianing a radioactive element |
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Definition
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Term
| a method for studying body and brain tissue, using magnetic fields and special radio receivers; does not inject chemicals |
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Definition
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| specialization of particular brain areas for particular functions |
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Definition
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| the part of the brain at the top of the spianl cord, consisting of the medulla and the pons |
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Definition
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| a structure in the brain stem involved in, among other things, sleeping, waking, and dreaming |
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Definition
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Term
| a structure in the brain stem responsible for certain automatic functions, such as breathing, and heart rate |
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Definition
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Term
| a dense network of neurons found in the core of the brain stem; it arouses the cortex and screens incoming information |
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Definition
| reticular activating system |
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Term
| a brain structure that regulates movement and balance, and taht is involved in some kinds of higher cognitive tasks |
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Definition
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Term
| a brain structure that relays sensory messages to the cerebral cortex |
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Definition
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| a brain structure involved in emotions and drives vital to survival, such as fear, hunger, thirst, and reproduction; it regulates the autonomic nervous system |
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Definition
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| a small endocrine gland at the base of the brain that releases many hormones and regulates other endocrine glands |
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Definition
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| a group of brain areas involved in emotional reactions and motivated behavior |
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Definition
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Term
| a brain structure involved in the arousal and regulation of emotion and the initial emotional response to senesory information |
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Definition
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Term
| the largest brain structure, consisting of the upper part of the brain; it is in charge of most sensory, motor, and cognitive processes |
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Definition
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Term
| the two halves of the cerebrum |
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Definition
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| the bundle of nerve fibers connecting the two cerebral hemispheres |
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Definition
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| specialization of the two cerebral hemisphers for particular operations |
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Definition
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| a collection of several thin layers of cells covering the the cerebrum; it is largely responsible for higher mental functions |
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Definition
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Term
| lobes at the lower back part of the brain's cerebral cortex; they contain areas that receive visual information |
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Definition
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Term
| lobes at the top of the brain's cerebral cortex; they contain areas that receive information on pressure , pain touch, and temperature |
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Definition
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Term
| lobes at the sides of the brain's cerebral cortex; they contain areas involved in hearing, memory, perception, emotion, and language comprehension |
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Definition
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Term
| lobes at the front of the brain's cerebral cortex; they contain areas involved in short term memory, higher order thinking, initiative, social judgment, and speech production |
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Definition
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Term
| a brain structure involved in the storage of new information in memory |
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Definition
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Term
| pre natal development consists of what three stages? |
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Definition
| germinal, embryonic, fetal |
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Term
| What are the three styles of infant attachment? |
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Definition
| secure, avoidant, and anxious ambivelent |
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Term
| ____gilligan and _____kholberg. |
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Definition
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Term
| breaking away from parents in western cultures is called: ____. |
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Definition
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Term
| transitions may be ____, _____, or ____. |
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Definition
| anticipated, unancticipated, or nonevent |
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Term
| _____have revised our ideas about old age. |
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