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Definition
| Activation of the sense organs by a source of physical energy |
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Definition
| Interpretation, analysis and integration of stimuli carried out by the sense organs and brain - knowing what you saw |
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Definition
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| How Sense and Perception work |
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Definition
1. Sense receptors detect stimulus
2. Sense receptors cause sensory neurons in peripheral nervous system to fire
3. Impulses reach the brain, which interprets the signal (perception) |
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Definition
| Study of the relationship between the physical aspects of stimuli and our psychological experience of them |
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Definition
| Smallest intensity of a stimulus that must be present for it to be detected |
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Term
| Just Noticeable Different (JND) |
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Definition
| Smallest level of added (or reduced) stimulation required to sense a change |
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Definition
| JND is a constant proportion of the intensity of the initial stimulus; Milk in a grocery bag and put a candy bar in it, you won’t notice |
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Definition
| An adjustment in sensory capacity after prolonged exposure to unchanging stimuli; adaptive, important for survival |
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Term
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Definition
| Curved, transparent protective layer; where light first enters the eye |
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Definition
| Opening in the middle where light comes into the eye; the size of the pupil depends on the amount of light in the environment |
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Definition
| Color ring of muscle; controls movement of the pupil |
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Definition
| Bends the light rays so that they can be properly focused on the retina |
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Definition
| Light is converted to electrical impulses for transmission to the brain; Contains photoreceptors |
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Definition
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Definition
| Sensitive to light but not color; function well in low illumination |
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Definition
| Responds to color, operates best in high illumination; Concentrated in the fovea |
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Term
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Definition
| Optic nerve, ganglion cells, bipolar cells, rod and cone layer |
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Term
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Definition
| Neurons that leave our eye and talk to our occipital lobe in the brain; carries visual information to the brain |
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Definition
| Where the optic nerve leaves the retina; Images cannot be seen |
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Term
| Trichromatic Theory of Color Vision |
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Definition
| Doesn't explain after-images; blue-violet, green, yellow-red |
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Term
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Definition
| Opposite colors in our brains, explains after-images; receptor cells are linked in pairs, working in opposition to each other |
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Term
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Definition
| The movement of air molecules brought about by a source of vibration |
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Definition
| Detect direction of sound |
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Definition
| Vibrates in response to sound |
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Definition
| Amplifies sound; hammer, anvil, stirrup |
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Term
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Definition
| Opening from the middle ear to the inner ear |
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Definition
| Location of receptor cells |
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Term
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Definition
| Curled structure coated in basilar membrane |
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Definition
| Number of wave cycles that occur in a second; perceived as pitch |
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Definition
| Loudness of sound; decibels |
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Definition
| Different areas of the basilar membrane respond to different frequencies; explains sensation of high-frequency sound |
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Term
| Frequency Theory of Hearing |
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Definition
| The entire basilar membrane acts like a microphone, vibrating as a whole in response to a sound; explains sensing low-frequency sounds |
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Term
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Definition
| When the head twists, fluid moves through canals, touching motion sensors that signal rotation or angular movement |
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Term
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Definition
| Crystals that sense forward, backward, or up-and-down motion, as well as the pull of gravity |
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Definition
| Chemicals in the body we release in our body odor and breath; Very controversial, not sure if they're actually used much |
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Definition
| Taste qualities; Sweet, sour, salty, bitter umami |
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Definition
| More sensitive taste buds |
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Definition
| Less sensitive taste buds |
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Term
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Definition
| Released when we feel pain |
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Term
| Gate-Control Theory of Pain |
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Definition
| Certain nerve receptors in the spinal cord "open gates" to specific areas of the brain relation to pain; close the gate through acupuncture |
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Term
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Definition
| Brain collects the information from the individual sensory systems and integrates and coordinates it |
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Term
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Definition
| One sense induces an experience in another sense |
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Term
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Definition
| Processing of individual elements of an object (lines, direction and movement); contrasts with Gestalt psychology |
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Term
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Definition
| Elements are organized and perceived as wholes |
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Term
| Law of Closure (Gestalt Laws) |
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Definition
| There are missing pieces, but we still see it as the whole |
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Term
| Law of Proximity (Gestalt Laws) |
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Definition
| Closer together we group them together |
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Term
| Law of Similarity (Gestalt Laws) |
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Definition
| You don't see things as individuals, you group similar things together |
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Term
| Law of Simplicity (Gestalt Laws) |
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Definition
| We see things more simple instead of complex |
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Term
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Definition
| Perception influences by knowledge, experience, expectations, and motivations - the whole thing |
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Term
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Definition
| Basic features are analyzed and recombined - parts of the whole |
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Term
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Definition
| The perception that objects maintain their size, shape and color despite changes in their retinal image; size and shape constancy |
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Term
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Definition
| Ability to view the world in three dimensions and to perceive distance |
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Term
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Definition
| Different retinal images received by each eye |
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Term
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Definition
| Cues that require only one eye to provide depth perception |
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Term
| Light and Shadow (Monocular Cues) |
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Definition
| Shadow helps us determine depth |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Using one eye, like binocular disparity |
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Definition
| If something is further away, it's smaller, and vice versa |
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Term
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Definition
| Physical stimuli that produce errors in perception (Muller-Lyer illusion) |
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Term
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Definition
| Perception of messages about which we have no awareness |
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Term
| Extra Sensory Perception (ESP) |
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Definition
| Perception that does not involve our known senses |
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Term
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Definition
| Characterized by rapid, low amplitude brain waves |
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Term
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Definition
Slower more regular wave pattern
Sleep spindles - spurts of brain activity |
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Term
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Definition
| High peaks and lower valleys of waves |
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Term
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Definition
Slower and more regular, least responsive to outside stimulation
• 3 and 4 are considered one stage |
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Term
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Definition
| Characterized by rapid eye movements (REM), high arousal, frequent dreaming, and muscle paralysis |
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Term
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Definition
| Throughout the night we dream most often during REM sleep when activity in many brain areas is highest |
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Term
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Definition
1. Back and forth eye movement during dreams
2. Muscles appear to be paralyzed
3. Lengthening and increase in frequency and density of RED period (REM recovery) |
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Term
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Definition
| Chronic difficulty in falling asleep or experiencing restful sleep |
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Term
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Definition
| Extreme day time sleepiness and sudden uncontrollable sleep attacks that happen from less than a minute to an hour |
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Term
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Definition
| Occurs during stages 3 and 4 |
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Term
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Definition
| Frightening dreams that arouse the sleeper to a near panic state |
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Term
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Definition
| Breathing is abnormal with pauses or low breathing |
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Term
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Definition
| Sudden infant death possibly caused by having problems waking up or a building of carbon dioxide in the body |
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Term
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Definition
| Any substance that alters consciousness |
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Term
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Definition
| Induce an altered state of consciousness (alcohol, caffeine, nicotine); This affects a person's emotions, perceptions and behaviors |
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Term
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Definition
| Produce a dependence whether biological or physical; It can be addictive with our w/o withdrawal and can be affected by genetics, personality, religion family and peer influences |
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Term
| Neurotransmitters affect by drugs |
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Definition
| Dopamine, Serotonin, Glutamate, GABA |
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Term
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Definition
| Activated by cocaine, heroine and marijuana |
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Term
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Definition
| Drugs that decrease nervous system activity |
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Term
| Most used recreational drug |
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Definition
| Alcohol; it increased the inhibitory effect of GABA and decreases activity of glutamate |
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Term
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Definition
| Drugs that increase neural diring and arouse the nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
| Stimulant that produces excitation, a sense of increased muscular strength and euphoria |
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Term
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Definition
| Used to treat ADHD and narcolepsy; Causes uneven heart beats, insomnia, strokes, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| All opiates, including morphine, codeine and heroin; Extremely addictive |
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Term
| Hallucinogens (Psychedelic Drugs) |
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Definition
| Produces hallucination or changes in the perceptual process; Marijuana, MDMA, Acid |
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Term
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Definition
| Produces feelings of pleasure, elation, empath and warmth; Increases serotonin functioning |
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Term
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Definition
| Most used illegal drug in USA; Increases dopamine, |
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Term
| Freud's Psychoanalytical Theory |
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Definition
| Dreams reflect an individuals' unconscious desires |
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Term
| Activation-Synthesis Theory of Dreaming |
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Definition
| Dreams are spontaneous byproducts of brain activity |
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Term
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Definition
| Molecules enter the nasal passage |
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Term
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Definition
| Highly-specialized cells in the visual cortex that detect size, shape, color, movement, or combinations; Hubel and Wiesel |
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Term
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Definition
| The "disguised" meanings of dreams, hidden by more obvious subjects |
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Term
| Manifest Content of Dreams |
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Definition
| The apparent story line of dreams |
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Term
| Dreams-for-Survival Theory |
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Definition
| Suggests that dreams permit information that is critical for our daily survival to be reconsidered and reprocessed during sleep |
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Term
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Definition
| Biological processes that occur regularly on approximately a 24-hour cycle |
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Term
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Definition
| Fantasies that people construct while awake |
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Term
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Definition
| The senses of touch, pressure, temperature and pain |
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Term
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Definition
| Tiny cells covering the basilar membrane that when vibrated they transmit neural messages to the brain |
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