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| A science that studies behavior and the physiological and mental processes associated with behavior - The profession that applies this science to practical problems |
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| How the brain and other parts of the nervous system work together to influence behavior |
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| Experimental Psychologists (cognitive) |
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| Information processing, how people learn |
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| Developmental Psychologists |
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| Change and growth through the life cycle |
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| Study behaviors of people who have different health habits (smokers) |
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| Deals with a serious behavior problem (bipolar) |
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| Specific behavior problems |
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| Industrial/Organizational Psychologists |
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| Business and industry with hiring and training |
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| Work with parents, teachers and students to enhance student performance |
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| The processes of sensing, perceiving, thinking, and learning |
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| Traced back to the ancient Greeks and philosophy, became a scientific discipline in the late 19th century |
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| Early approach to psych emphasizing the analysis of the immediate experience; what were you thinking and how does it relate to your life? |
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| Volunteers were taught to observe, analyze, and describe their own sensations, mental images, and emotional reactions - associated with Wilhelm Wundt |
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| Emphasized the purpose of behavior and consciousness; how and why something happens; broadened the field of psych to include children, animals, etc; associated with William James |
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| Neuroscience/Biological Perspective |
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| How people function biologically (blood pressure, heart rate); includes the study of heredity, evolution, and behavioral neuroscience |
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| Psychodynamic Perspective |
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| Sigmund Freud; behavior is motivated by inner forces and conflicts about which we have little awareness or control; theory of personality and a method of psychotherapy |
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| John B. Watson and B.F. Skinner; focuses on observable behavior that can be measured objectively - if we can't see it we don't want to study it |
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| Focuses on how people think, understand, and know about the world, information processing, how our senses react to things in the environment |
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| Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow; emphasis on free will, achieving self-fulfillment |
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| Sociocultural Perspective |
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| Focuses on the social and cultural context of behavior; behavior evolves in sociohistorical context, shaped by culture, influenced by the environment |
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Nature: Genetically determined
Nurture: Environmentally determined |
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| Conscious vs. Unconscious |
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Conscious: Awareness of behavior/source
Unconscious: Unaware of behavior/source |
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| Observable Behavior vs. Internal Mental Processes |
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Observable: Can be seen/documented
Internal: Must be measured indirectly |
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| Free Will vs. Determinism |
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Free Will: Behavior is chosen
Determinism: Behavior is determined |
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| Individual Differences vs. Universal Principles |
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Individual: Behavior is widely variable from person to person
Universal: The same general principles apply to everyone |
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| Studying the mind by asking people to describe what they were experiencing when exposed to various stimuli |
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| Approach used by psychologists to systematically acquire knowledge and understanding about behavior and other phenomena of interest |
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| Steps of the Scientific Method |
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1. Identifying questions of interest
2. Formulating hypotheses with explanations
3. Carrying out research designed to support or refute the hypotheses and explanation
4. Communicating the findings |
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| Broad explanations and predictions concerning phenomena of interest |
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| Prediction, allowed it to be tested; what should happen under certain circumstances; relationship between two or more variables |
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| Translation of a hypothesis into specific, testable procedures that can be measured and observed |
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| Archival or Historical (Descriptive) |
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| Existing data, such as records, are examined to test a hypothesis; Very easy to get the data but a lot of data is incomplete or destroyed |
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| Naturalistic Observation (Descriptive) |
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| Observed some naturally occurring behavior and does not make a change in the situation; Very natural but you can't try to get the behavior you want |
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| An in-depth, intensive investigation of a single individual or a small group and may include a psychological testing; You get to see something unique but not everyone will be as unique |
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| Survey Research (Descriptive) |
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| A sample of people chosen to represent a large group of interest (a population) is asked a serious of questions about their behavior, thoughts, or attitudes; it's a representative sample but people might lie |
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| Two sets of variables are examined to determine whether they are associates, or "correlated" |
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| Behaviors, events, or other characteristics that can change or vary in some way |
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| 1-10, negative or positive; used when manipulating an independent variable is impossible or unethical or when you are relating two or more naturally occurring variables |
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| Researcher investigates the relationship between two or more variables by deliberately changing one variable in a controlled situation and observing the effect of that change |
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| Manipulation implemented by the experimenter |
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| The condition that is manipulated by an experimenter |
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| Random Selection of Participants |
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| Each member of a population has an equal chance of being in the study |
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| Random Assignment to Condition |
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| Participants are assigned to different experimental group of "conditions" on the basis on chance |
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| Does not imply the important of the study |
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| Minimize the amount of emotional and physical harm that could be caused |
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| Participants know of possible risks before agreement |
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| Participants need to have a clear understanding of the study |
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| Individuals results or data must be kept anonymous |
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| Factors that distort the way the independent variable affects the dependent variable in an experiment |
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| Evaluate the effect of experimenter and participant expectations |
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| Blind studies and placebo effect |
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| Basic element of the nervous system; as many as 1 mil |
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| Branch-like fibers extending in clusters from the neuron’s cell body |
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| Maker of all energy that the cell needs |
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| Carries messages received by the dendrites to other neurons |
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| Protective coating of fat and protein that wraps around the axon |
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| Sends messages to other neurons; they're on the end of the dendrites |
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| Gap between one neuron and another; communicates with chemical messages |
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| Picks up the neurotransmitter |
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| Transmit an electrical impulse along the axon |
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| A neuron either fires or it doesn't, there's no in between |
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| -70 mV, made by chemical ions |
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| Causes the neuron to fire (anything above the threshold) |
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| Fires when you exhibit a certain behavior, fires when you see someone else exhibiting a certain behavior |
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Excitatory: Increased likelihood that the neuron will fire
Inhibitory: Decreased likelihood that the neuron will fire |
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| Reabsorption of the extra transmitters that our neuron isn't using |
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| Involved in motor control, memory and cognition; Alzheimer's & Muscle paralysis |
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| Excitatory nerve, makes you feel more alert and jittery |
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| Major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the nervous system; Eating, agression, sleeping; Anxiety and Huntington's |
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| Motor control, attention, reward, emotions; Parkinson's (too little DA) and Schizophrenia (too much DA) |
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| Regulation of mood, wake-sleep cycles, attention; Depression and SSRIs |
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| Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) |
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| Keep neurotransmitters in the synapse longer and make them active for a longer period of time |
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| Endogenous (naturally in the body) morphine; Feeling of weel being, kicks in during a traumatic event |
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| Peripheral Nervous System |
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Somatic: Voluntary muscle activation
Autonomic: Controls the involuntary movements of the heart, glands, lungs, and other organs |
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Sympathetic: Prepares the body for action in stressful situations; Fight or flight
Parasympathetic: Calms the body after emergency ends; Rest and digest |
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| Sensory Neurons (Afferent) |
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| Carries information to the brain; Afferent neurons transmit information from the perimeter of the body to the central nervous system |
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| Carries messages from the central nervous system to the voluntary muscles and glands |
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| The neurons in between and that mediate the connections |
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| Used to control basic biological process; Blood pressure, heart rate, skin temperature, sweating |
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| Electroencephalogram (EEG) |
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| Measures electrical activity in the brain |
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| Functional Magnetic Resonance imaging (fMRI) |
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| Records function and structure of the brain by taking images in rapid succession - stroke |
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| Positron Emission Tomography (PET) |
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| Records the location of radioactive substances that were injected into the bloodstream |
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| Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) |
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| Strong magnetic field that is directed at a very small region of the brain; interrupts brain function and used to study function of the brain |
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| Up the spinal cord from the base of the skull to locate the structures of the central core of the brain |
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| Breathing and heartbeat/circulation |
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| Involved in sleep and arousal |
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| Passes through the midbrain and into the forebrain, activates other parts of the brain to produce bodily arousal |
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| Relay station for into about the senses |
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| Homeostasis - hunger, thirst, temperature control |
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| Controls eating, aggression and reproduction |
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| "New brain", gives ability to think, evaluate, and make complex judgements |
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| Front of the brain; Planning, memory search, motor processing, reasoning |
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| Top, rear of the brain; Attention, spatial locations, somatosensory processing |
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| In front of ears; Language comprehension, sound processing |
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| Back of the head; Visual processing |
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| Responsible for the body's voluntary movement; Frontal Lobes |
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| Sensory Area of the Cortex |
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| Corresponds to the body's sensations |
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| The brain continually reorganizes itself; Ability of neurons to change in structure and function |
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| New neurons are created in certain parts of the brain throughout life |
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| Left Hemisphere Specialization |
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| Right Hemisphere Specialization |
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| Spatial relationships, recognition of patterns and drawings |
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