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| The scientific study of life |
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order, reproduction, growth and development, energy processing, response to the environment, regulation, evolutionary adaptation
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| biosphere>ecosystem>community>population>organism> organ system>organ>tissue>cell>organelle>molecule |
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| all of the environments on Earth that support life |
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| all of the organisms living in a particular area and the physical elements that they react with |
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| entire array of organisms in an ecosystem |
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| all of the individuals of a particular species living in an area |
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| one specific living thing in a population |
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| several organs that cooperate in a specific function |
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| novel properties that arise at each new level of the biological hierarchy |
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| simple, no nucleus or other organelles |
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| complex cells with organelles and a nucleus |
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| more complex organization formed by the the combination of components |
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| construct models for the dynamic behavior of whole systems based on studying the interactions among parts |
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| provide food for a typical ecosystem |
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| act as recyclers, changing complex matter into simpler mineral nutrients that plants can absorb and use |
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| chemical substance of genes that provides blueprints for making proteins |
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| the units of inheritance that transmit information from parents to offspring |
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| the branch of biology that names and classifies species, arranges species into a hierarchy of broader groups from genus, family, order, class, phylum, and kingdom |
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| Bacteria, Archae, and Eukarya |
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individuals in a population vary in their traits, many of which are passed from parent to offspring
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a population can produce far more offspring than the environment can support |
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| the accumulation of favorable traits over time |
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| derives generalizations from a large number of specific observations |
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| proposed explanation for a set of observations |
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| the logic flows from general premises to the specific results we should expect if the premises are true |
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| broader scope, supported by much evidence, causes more hypothesis |
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| variable observations and measurments to describe science and nature |
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| uses data from discovery science to come up with a prediction and test it |
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| the idea that Earth's many species are descendants of ancestral species that were different from those living today |
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| the process of the modification of species by selecting and breeding individuals with desired traits over many generations |
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| three key evolution points |
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1. it is the population that evolves over time as the adaptive traits become more common
2.natural selection can only amplify or diminish heritable traits
3. natural selection is the result of environmental factors that vary from place to place and over time |
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| the sequence in which fossils appear within layers of sedimentary rocks |
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| the geographic distribution of species |
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| similarity in characteristics that result from common ancestry |
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| anatomical similarities in different organisms |
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| the comparison of early stages of development among different organisms |
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| comparison of DNA and amino acid sequences between different organisms that reveals evolutionary relationships |
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| remnants of features that served important functions in the organism's ancestors |
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| hypotheses reflecting our current understanding of patterns of evolutionary descent |
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| the total collection of genes in a population at any one time |
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| a change the relative frequencies of alleles in a gene pool over time |
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| studies how populations change genetically over time |
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| comprehensive theory of evolution that incorporates genetics and focuses on population as the fundament unit of evolution |
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| changes in the nucleotide sequence of DNA |
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| one base gene, less likely to be harmful or helpful |
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| mutations that affect many alleles |
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| likely to be harmful, possibly could have good effects |
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| 3 main causes of evolutionary change |
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1. natural selection
2. genetic drift
3. genetic flow |
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| change in the gene pool population due to chance |
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| leads to loss of genetic diversity when a population is greatly reduced |
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| when a few individuals colonize a new habitat, likely to minimize the number of difference in gene pools |
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| tends to reduce the differences between populations |
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| the way an organism looks, or acts |
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| stablizing, directional, disruptive |
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| favors intermediate phenotypes, acting against extreme phenotypes |
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| acts against individuals at one of the phenotypic extremes |
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| favors individuals at both extremes of the phenotypic range |
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| the distinction in appearance between male and female organisms |
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