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| not present at preceding level. |
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| attempts to model the dynamic behavior of whole biological systems based on a study of interactions of systems parts. |
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| entire process by which info in gene is direct production of a cellular product. |
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| library of genetic instruction that an organism inherits. |
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| most common form of regulation in living systems, the accumulation of an end product of a process that slows that process. |
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| end product speeds up its own production. Ex; coagulation. |
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| deriving generalizations from large number of specific observations. |
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| generally after hypothesis is developed and involves going from general into specific. |
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| one that compares an experimental group w/ a controlled group |
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| required by organisms in minute quantitites. |
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| series of small,weak bonds that are together strong. Spontaneous. |
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| average kinetic energy of molecules |
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| amount of heat it takes to make 1 gram of substance change by 1 degrees Celcius. |
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| substance of affinity for water. |
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| # of moles per liter in a substance |
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| proton with positive charge |
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| increases the hydrogen ion concentration in a substance |
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| reduces hydrogen ion concentration in a substance |
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| negative logarithm (base 10) of hydrogen ion concentration |
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| prevents change in concentration of hydrogen in solution |
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| organic molecules of only carbon and hydrogen. |
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| compounds that have the same numbers of atoms of the same element but different structures hence different properties. |
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| covalent arrangements of their atoms. |
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| carbons have covalent bonds to the same atoms, but these atoms differ in their spatial arrangements due to inflexibility of double bonds |
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| isomers that are mirror images of each other and that differ in shape due to the presence of an asymmetrical carbon -> one that is attatcged to 4 different atoms or groups of atoms. They have different effectiveness depending on which of the pair is used. |
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| chemical groups that contribute to function by affecting the molecule's shape. |
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| four main classes of molecules |
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| carbohydrates,lipids,proteins,nucleic acids |
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| long molecule consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked together by covalent bonds. |
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| smaller,repeating units, building blocks of a polymer |
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| specialized macromolecules that speed up chemical reactions |
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| disassembling of polymers to monomers,adds water to break bond. |
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| sugars and polymers of sugars. mono,di,and polysaccharides. |
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| 3-7 carbons long. sugars with 6 cabons -> hexoses |
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| covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by dehydration reaction. |
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| nutrients for cells,exploited as energy |
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| storage material,hydrolized as needed to provide sugar or serve as building material. |
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