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| lowest level of organization that can perform all activities required for life |
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| branch of biology that names and classifies species of increasing breadth |
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| broadest unit of classification, followed by kingdoms |
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| all eukaryotes in this domain; includes kingdoms Plantae, Fungi, Animalia |
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| 4 major elements (making up 96% of living matter) |
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| carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen |
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| required by an organism in minute quantities |
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| made up of protons and neutrons (center of atom) |
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| number of PROTONS in the nucleus |
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| sum of the protons and neutrons |
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| atom's total mass. approx. by mass number |
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| different atomic forms of the same element (differ in number of neutrons) |
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| decay spontaneously, giving off particles and energy (uses: dating fossils, cancer diagnosis, tracing atoms) |
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| electrons in outermost shell (valence shell); chemical behavior of atom determined by these; elements with full valence shell are unreactive |
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| sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms |
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| consists of two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds |
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| one pair of shared electrons |
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| two pairs of shared electrons |
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| an atom's attraction for the electrons in a covalent bond. More electroneg=stronger pulling of shared electrons to itself |
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| a charged atom or molecule |
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| attraction between two ions; cations (positive charge) and anions (negative charge) |
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| attraction between a hydrogen and an electronegative atom. (weak bond) *In living things, the electro. neg. partners are usuallly oxygen or nitrogen atoms |
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| Van der Waals interactions |
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| attractions bwetween molecules that are close together. result from hot spots of +/- charges (which result from asymmetrically distributed electrons in atoms or molecules) |
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| the making and breaking of chemical bonds |
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| the starting/final molecules of chemical reactions |
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| when the forward and reverse rates of reaction are the same |
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| opposite ends have opposite charges |
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| water's four properties (associated with life) |
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| 1. cohesive behavior 2. ability to moderate temperature 3. expansion upon freezing 4. versatility as a solvant |
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| collectively, hydrogen bonds hold a substance together (water molecules) |
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| clinging of one substance to another (adhesion of water to cell walls by hydrogen bonds helps counter downward pull of gravity) |
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| measure of how hard it is to break the surface of the liquid (water has greater surface tension than most liquids) |
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| amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1 gram of the substance to change its temperature by 1 degree Celsius |
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| amount of heat required to raise temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree C |
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1,000 calories
(1 'calorie' on food packages) |
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| the hottest molecules (with greatest kinetic energy) are most likely to leave as gas. as liquid evaporates, its remaining surface cools |
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| the heat a liquid must absorb for 1 gram to be converted to gas |
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| liquid that is a homogeneous mixture of substances |
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| dissolving agent of a solution |
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| substance to be dissolved |
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| water is solvent in this solution. Water is a versatile solvent because of its polarity: it easily forms hydrogen bonds |
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| when an ionic compound is dissolved in water, each ion is surrounded by a sphere of water molecules |
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| substance that has an affinity for water |
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| substance that does not have an affinity for water |
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| stable suspension of fine particles in a solution |
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| sum of all masses of all atoms in a molecule (usually measured in moles) |
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| 1 mol= 6.02 X 10^23 molecules |
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| number of moles of solute per liter of solution |
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| aka: proton. A single proton with the charge 1+ |
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| water molecule that lost a proton. Charge of 1- |
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| proton binded to another water molecule. (H3O+) |
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| H+ and OH- concentrations are equal |
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| describes whether a solution is acid or basic |
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| increases hydrogen ion concentration of a solution |
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| reduces hydrogen ion concentration of a solution |
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| substance that minimizes changes in concentrations of H+ or OH- in a solution |
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| study of compounds containing carbon |
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| organic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen |
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| compounds that have same number of atoms of the same elements but different structures and properties |
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| different covalent arrangments (branch form and straight form) |
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| same covalent arrangment, differ in special arrangements (always double bonds) |
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| mirror images of each other; differ in shape due to presence of asymmetric carbon |
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| components of organic molecules that are most commonly involved in chemical reactions. the number and arrangement of a functional group give each molecule its unique properties |
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| phospate molecule with an important function in the cell: primary energy transfering molecule in the cell |
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| large biological molecules composed of thousands of covalently connected atoms(carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids) |
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| long molecule consisting of many similar building blocks |
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| building block (smaller molecule) |
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| condensation/dehydration reaction |
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| 2 monomers bond together through loss of a water molecule |
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| macromolecules that speed up the dehydration process |
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| essentially the reverse of the dehyd. reaction. How polymers are disassembled to monomers |
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| sugars and polymers of sugars |
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| molecular formulas usually multiples of CH2O (glucose is the most common) |
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| forms when a dehydration reactions joins two monosaccharides |
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| covalent bond formed bewtween two monosaccharides by a dehyrdation reaction |
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| polymer of sugar: have storage and structural roles (which are determined by sugar monomers and position of glycosidic linkages) |
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| storage polysaccharide of plants. consists of glucose monomers |
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| storage polysaccharide in animals |
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| a polysaccharide. major component of the touch plant cell wall |
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| structural polysaccharide. found in exoskeleton of arthropods and cell walls of many fungi |
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| diverse group of hydrophobic molecules |
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| constructed from two kinds of smaller molecules: glycerol and fatty acids. Major function= energy storage |
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| has a long carbon skeleton (usually 16-18 carbons in length) |
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| have the max number of hydrogen atoms possible and no double bonds |
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| have one or more double bonds |
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| two fatty acids and a phosphate group attached to glycerol |
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| lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton |
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| important steroid. component in animal cell |
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| consist of one or more polypeptides. biologically functional molecule |
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| differ in their properties due to differing side chains called R groups |
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| linked serious of amino acids with a unique sequence |
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| polypeptide chains repeatedly coiled or folded |
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| overal shape of a polypeptide, resulting from interactions between the R groups of the various amino acids |
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| overal protein structure resulting from aggregations of polypeptide subunits |
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| unit of inheritance made of DNA |
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| monomers consisting of a nitrogenous base, pentose sugar, and a phosphate group |
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| (cytosine, thymine, uracil) single six membered ring (family of nitrogenous bases) |
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| (adenine, guanine) six membered ring fused with five membered ring (family of nitrogenous bases) |
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| SEM (scanning electron microscope) |
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| uses beam of electrons; 3-D images |
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| TEM (transmission electron microscope) |
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| used to study internal structure of cells |
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| takes cells apart and separates major organelles from each other |
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| semi-fluid substance within cell |
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| selective barrier that allows sufficient passage of oxygen, nutrients, and waste to service the volume of every cell. Made of a double layer of phospholipids |
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| encloses the nucleus, separating it from the cytoplasm |
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| composed of protein, maintains shap of nucleus |
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| condensed chromatin (genetic material: DNA and protein) |
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| site of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis |
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| particles made of rRNA and protein; carry out protein synthesis |
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| accounts for more than half of total membrane in many eukaryotic cells; functions include synthesis of lipids and proteins (where ribosomes attached) |
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| flattened membranous sacs called cisternae; functions include formation of secretions within cell |
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| sites of cellular respiration; make ATP |
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