Term
| use of the word personality in everyday speech tends to focus on _____ |
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Definition
| the specific personalities of specific persons |
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Term
| when psychologists use the word personality, they usually are referring to a conception of _____ |
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Definition
| what everyone's personality consists of |
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Term
| one reason people use the word personality is to convey a sense of ____ |
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Definition
| consistency or continuity |
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Term
| a second reason people use the word personality is to convey the sense that whatever the person is doing (or thinking or feeling) _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| personality is a psychological concept, but its inextricably tied to the _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| personality is the casual force that helps determine ____ |
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Definition
| how the person relates to the word |
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| personality shows up in individualized _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| personality is displayed in _____ |
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Definition
| behaviors, thoughts, & feelings |
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Term
| a theory should allow you to _____ |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| the _____ begins with the intuitive idea that people have fairly stable qualities (traits) that are displayed across many settings but are deeply embedded in the person |
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Definition
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Term
| the _____ begins with the idea that the key element in human experience is the motive forces that underlie behavior |
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Definition
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Term
| the _____ emphasizes the fact that humans are creatures that evolved across millennia & that human nature (whatever it is) is deeply rooted in our genes |
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Definition
| inheritance and evolution perspective |
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Term
| the _____ stems from the idea that personality reflects the workings of the body we inhabit & the brain that runs the body |
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Definition
| biological process perspective |
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Term
| the _____ is based on the idea that personality is a set of internal forces that compete & conflict with one another |
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Definition
| psychoanalytic perspective |
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Term
| the theories in the _____ start from the assumption that the most important aspect of human nature is our formation of relationships with other people & the ways in which these relationships play out |
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Definition
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Term
| the _____ begins with a view of human nature in which change, rather than consistency, is paramount |
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Definition
| social learning perspective |
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Term
| the _____ has its roots in the idea that every person has the potential to grow & develop into a valuable human being if permitted to do so (2 names) |
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Definition
| self-actualization & self-determination perspective; organismic perspective |
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Term
| the _____ takes as its starting point the idea that human nature involves deriving meaning from experiences |
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Definition
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Term
| the ____ starts from the idea that people are complex psychological systems |
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Definition
| self-regulation perspective |
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Term
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Definition
| differences in personality from one person to another |
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Term
| intrapersonal functioning |
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Definition
| psychological processes that take place within the person |
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Term
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Definition
| the quality of requiring few assumptions; simplicity |
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Term
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Definition
| a dynamic organization, inside the person, of psychophysical systems that create the person's characteristic patterns of behavior, thoughts, & feelings |
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Term
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Definition
| a summary statement, a principle or set of principles about a class of events |
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Term
| two aspects of a correlation that are separate from each other |
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Definition
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Term
| if low values on a scatterplot tend to go with low values & high values tend to go with high values, the variables are said to be _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| when high values on a scatterplot on one dimension tend to go with low values on the other dimension |
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Definition
| inverse or negative correlation |
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Term
| ______ refers only to the degree of accuracy in prediction |
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Definition
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Term
| the correlation would have been large or larger only rarely if no true relationship exists |
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Definition
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Term
| when the probability is small enough (just under 5%), the correlation is said to be _____ |
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Definition
| statistically significant |
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Term
| any time groupings reflect naturally occurring differences or are formed on the basis of some characteristic that you measure, the study is ____ |
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Definition
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Term
| in a multifactor study, two or more variables are varied _____, which means creating all combinations of the various levels of the predictor variables |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| an in-depth study of one individual |
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Term
| causality (causal relationship) |
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Definition
| a relationship such that variation in one direction produces variation in another |
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Definition
| an association large enough to have some practical importance |
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Term
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Definition
| a relationship in which two variables or dimensions covary when measure repeatedly |
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Definition
| a numeric index of the degree of correlation between two variables |
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Definition
| the variable measured as the outcome of an experiment; the effect in a cause-effect relationship |
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Definition
| statistics used to describe or characterize some group |
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Term
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Definition
| a method in which people report repeatedly on their current experiences |
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Definition
| the holding constant of variables that are not being manipulated |
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Term
| experimental personality research |
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Definition
| a study involving a personality factor & an experimental factor |
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Term
| generality (generalizability) |
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Definition
| the degree to which a conclusion applies to many people |
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Term
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Definition
| relating to an approach that focuses on a particular person across situations |
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Definition
| the variable manipulated in an experiment & tested as the cause in a cause-effect relationship |
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Definition
| statistics used to judge whether a relationship exists between variables |
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Term
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Definition
| a finding in which the effect of one predictor variable differs depending on the level of another predictive variable |
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Term
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Definition
| a finding in which the effect of one predictor variable is independent of other variables |
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Term
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Definition
| a study with two (or more) predictor variables |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of the whole person, as opposed to the study of only one aspect of the person |
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Term
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Definition
| an association large enough to have practical importance |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of putting people randomly into groups of an experiment so their characteristics balance out across groups |
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Term
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Definition
| the likelihood of an obtained effect occurring when there is no true effect |
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Term
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Definition
| the possibility that an unmeasured variable caused variations in both of two correlated variables |
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Term
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Definition
| a dimension along which two or more variations exist |
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Term
| when an observation is reliable, it has a high degree of _____ |
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Definition
| consistency/repeatability |
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Term
| in observer ratings, the ____ is a "measuring device" |
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Definition
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Term
| if personality is really stable, then _____ |
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Definition
| measures of personality should be reliable across time |
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Term
| validity concerns whether what you're measuring is ___ |
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Definition
| what you think you're measuring/trying to measure |
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Term
| the essence of validity can be summarized in this question: how well does the _____ definition (the event) match the _____ definition (the abstract quality you have in mind to measure) |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| the response set of tending to say "yes" ("agree") in response to any question |
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Definition
| the measuring of personality |
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Definition
| the accuracy with which a measure reflects the underlying concept |
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Definition
| the degree to which a measure relates to other characteristics that are conceptually similar to what it's supposed to assess |
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Definition
| the developing of a test by seeing which items distinguish between groups |
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Definition
| the degree to which the measure correlates with a separate criterion reflecting the same concept |
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Definition
| the degree to which a scale does not measure unintended qualities |
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Term
| empirical approach (to scale development) |
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Definition
| the use of data instead of theory to decide what should go into the measure |
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Definition
| random influences that are incorporated in measurements |
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Definition
| the scale "looks" as if it measures what it's supposed to measure |
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Definition
| measuring associations between the sense of self & aspects of personality that are implicit (hard to introspect about) |
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Term
| internal reliability (internal consistency) |
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Definition
| agreement among responses made to the items of a measure |
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Term
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Definition
| the degree of agreement between observers of the same events |
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Term
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Definition
| a personality test measuring several aspects of personality on distinct subscales |
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Definition
| a measure that incorporates no interpretation |
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Term
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Definition
| an assessment in which someone else produces information about the person being assessed |
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Definition
| the defining of a concept by the concrete events through which it's measured (or manipulated) |
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Definition
| the degree to which the measure predicts other variables it should predict |
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Term
| rational approach (to scale development) |
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Definition
| the use of a theory to decide what you want to measure & then deciding how to measure it |
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Term
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Definition
| consistency across repeated measurements |
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Term
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Definition
| a biased orientation to answering |
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Term
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Definition
| an assessment in which people make ratings pertaining to themselves |
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Term
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Definition
| the response set of tending to portray oneself favorably |
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Term
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Definition
| assessing internal consistency among responses to items of a measure by splitting the items into halves & then correlating them |
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Term
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Definition
| a measure incorporating personal interpretation |
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Term
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Definition
| the stability of measurements across time |
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Definition
| the use of a theory to decide what you want to measure & then deciding how to measure it (AKA rational approach) |
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Term
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Definition
| the degree to which a measure actually measures what it's intended to measure |
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Term
| Hippocrates (revised by Galen) 4 groups of personality |
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Definition
| choleric (irritable), melancholic (depressed), sanguine (optimistic), & phlegmatic (calm) |
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Term
| trait theories are sometimes called a _____ approach |
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Definition
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Term
| in trait theories, differences among people are seen as _____, rather than qualitative |
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Definition
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Term
| in trait theories, people are seen as differing in _____ |
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Definition
| how much various characteristics are incorporated in their personalities |
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Term
| the term _____ derives from the Greek word meaning "law" |
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Definition
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Term
| those who favor the nomothetic view say that uniqueness arises from unique _____ |
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Definition
| combinations of levels on many trait dimensions |
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Term
| _____ distills the correlations in factor analysis to a smaller set of factors |
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Definition
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Term
| the two supertraits Eysenck posed as the key dimensions of personality are: |
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Definition
| extroversion (vs introversion) & neuroticism (AKA emotional stability) |
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Term
| the third dimension in Eysenck's view which has received less attention than the others |
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Definition
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Term
| five-factor model/big five |
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Definition
| the emerging consensus that the structure of personality may incorporate five superordinate factors |
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Term
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Definition
| extraversion, neuroticism (emotional stability), agreeableness, conscientiousness, intellect |
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Term
| people low in agreeableness experience more _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| Digman's name for "conscientiousness" |
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Definition
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Term
| 2 other names for "conscientiousness" |
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Definition
| constraint, responsibility |
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Term
| Cattell's name for "intellect" |
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Definition
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Term
| who decided on the name "intellect"? |
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Definition
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Term
| big 5 trait that relates to having social impact |
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Definition
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Term
| big 5 trait that relates to maintaining positive relations with others |
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Definition
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Term
| what two big 5 were not originally part of the NEO personality inventory? |
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Definition
| agreeableness & conscientiousness |
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Term
| what does the "R" stand for in NEO-PI-R? |
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Definition
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Term
| Ashton's 6th supertrait (found through tests involving 7 languages) |
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Definition
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Term
| Digman's name for combining low neuroticism, agreeableness, & conscientiousness |
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Definition
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Term
| Digman's name for combining extraversion & openness |
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Definition
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Term
| DeYoung's name for combining low neuroticism, agreeableness, & conscientiousness |
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Definition
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Term
| DeYoung's name for combining extraversion & agreeableness |
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Definition
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Term
| _____ is tied to an analysis-of-variance understanding of how two variables influence an outcome |
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Definition
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Term
| trait theorists believe that traits can _____ |
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Definition
| interact with one another |
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Term
| ____ is a tendency toward certain kinds of problem behaviors, such as antisocial actions & alcohol/drug abuse |
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Definition
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Term
| big 5 trait that is a tendency toward emotional distress |
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Definition
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Term
| evidence suggesting a poor relationship between traits & actions led to development of _____ |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the pattern of situation-behavior links the person has established over experiences in some specific domain |
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Definition
| a theory holding that a vulnerability plus stress creates problems in behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| a person who's outgoing & prefers social & exciting activities |
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Term
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Definition
| a dimension that underlies a set of interrelated measures, such as items on a self-report inventory |
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Term
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Definition
| a statistical procedure used to find basic dimensions underlying a set of measures |
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Definition
| a correlation between a single measure & the factor to which it's being related |
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Term
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Definition
| pertaining to an approach that focuses on an individual person's uniqueness |
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Term
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Definition
| the idea that situation & personality interact to determine behavior |
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Definition
| personality patterns deriving from varying levels of dominance & love |
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Definition
| a person who prefers solitary activities |
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Definition
| an index of the importance of a trait based on the number of words that refer to it |
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Term
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Definition
| pertaining to an approach that focuses on norms & on variations among persons |
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Definition
| a factor that emerges from a factor analysis performed on a set of previously found factors |
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Definition
| the idea that situations are the primary determinants of behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| continuous dimensions of personality on which people vary |
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Term
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Definition
| distinct & discontinuous categories of persons |
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Term
| personality conveys a sense of _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| personality has both _____ & _____ aspects |
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Definition
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Term
| 2 things that make a good theory |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| a measure of concrete reality that involves no interpretation |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| depth of understanding is associated with an _____ approach |
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Definition
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Term
| generalizeability is associated with a _____ approach |
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Definition
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Term
| positive correlation: high X goes with _____ Y |
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Definition
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Term
| negative correlation: high X goes with ____ Y |
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Definition
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