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| The scientific study of mind and behavior. |
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| Our private inner experience, thoughts, memories, and feelings. |
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| Observable actions of human beings and nonhuman animals. |
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| The philosophical view that certain kinds of knowledge are innate or inborn. |
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| The philosophical view that all knowledge is acquired through experience. |
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| A now defunct theory that specific mental abilities and characteristics , ranging from memories to the capacity for happiness, are localized in specific regions of the brain. |
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| The study of biological processes, especially in the human body. |
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| Sensory input from the environment. |
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| The amount of time taken to respond to a specific stimulus. |
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| A person's subjective experience of the world and the mind. |
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| The analysis of the basic elements that constitute the mind. |
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| The subjective observation of one's own experience. |
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| The study of the purpose mental processes serve in enabling people to adapt to their environment. |
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| Charles Darwin's theory that the features of an organism that help it survive and reproduce are more likely than other features to be passed on to subsequent generations. |
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| A temporary loss of cognitive or motor functions, usually as a result of emotionally upsetting experiences. |
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| The part of the mind that operates outside of consciousness awareness but influences conscious thoughts, feelings, and actions. |
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| Sigmund Freud's approach to understanding human behavior that emphasizes the importance of unconscious mental processes in shaping feelings, thoughts, and behaviors. |
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| A therapeutic approach that focuses on bringing unconscious material into conscious awareness to better understand psychological disorders. |
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| An approach to understanding human nature that emphasizes the positive potential of human beings. |
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| An approach that advocates that psychologists restrict themselves to the scientific study of objectively observable behavior. |
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| An action or physiological change elicited by a stimulus. |
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| The consequences of a behavior that determine whether it will be more likely that the behavior will occur again. |
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| Errors of perception, memory, or judgement in which subjective experience differs from objective reality. |
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| A psychological approach that emphasizes that er often perceive the whole rather than the sum of the parts. |
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| The scientific study of mental processes, including perception, thought, memory, and reasoning. |
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| An approach to psychology that links psychological processes to activities in the nervous system and other bodily processes. |
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| A field that attempts to understand the links between cognitive processes and brain activity. |
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| A psychological approach that explains mind and behavior in terms of the adaptive value of abilities that are preserved over time by natural selection. |
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| A subfield of psychology that studies the causes and consequences of interpersonal behavior. |
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| The study of how cultures reflect and shape the psychological processes of their members. |
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| Father of psychology in America. |
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| Worked with brain-damaged people which helped him to develop the theory that the mind is grounded in the material processes of the brain. |
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| Estimated the length of time it took for a nerve impulse to travel to the brain by measuring a person's reaction time. |
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| Brought structuralism to America. |
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| The belief that accurate knowledge can be acquired through observation. |
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| A set of principles about the appropriate relationship between ideas and evidence. |
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| A hypothetical explanation of a natural phenomenon. |
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| A falsifiable prediction made by theory. |
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| A set of rules and techniques for observation. |
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| A description of a property in concrete, measurable terms. |
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| A device that can detect the condition to which an operational definition refers. |
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| A device that measures muscle contractions under the surface of a person's skin. |
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| The extent to which a measurement and a property are conceptually related. |
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| The tendency for a measure to produce the same measurement whenever it is used to measure the same thing. |
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| The ability of a measure to detect the concrete conditions specified in the operational definition. |
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| Those aspects of an observational setting that cause people to behave as they think they should. |
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| A technique for gathering scientific information by unobtrusively observing people in their natural environments. |
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| An observation whose true purpose is hidden from both the observer and the person being observed. |
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| A graphical representation of measurements arranged by the number of times each measurement was made. |
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| A mathematically defined frequency distribution in which most measurements are concentrated around the middle. |
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| The value of the most frequently observed measurement. |
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| The average value of all the measurements. |
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| The value that is directly in the middle. |
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| The value of the largest measurement in a frequency distribution minus the value of the smallest measurement. |
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| A statistic that describes the average difference between the measurements in a frequency distribution and the mean of that distribution. |
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| A property whose value can vary across individuals or over time. |
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| Two variables are said to be correlated when variations in the value of one variable are synchronized with variations in the value of the other. |
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| A measure of the direction and strength of a correlation, signified by the letter r. |
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| A correlation observed in the world around us. |
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| Third-variable Correlation |
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| The fact that two variables are correlated only because each is causally related to a third variable. |
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| A technique whereby the participants in two groups are identical in terms of a third variable. |
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| A technique whereby each participant is identical to one other participant in terms of a third variable. |
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| The fact that a causal relationship between two variables cannot be inferred from the naturally occurring correlation between them because of the ever-present possibility of third-variable correlation. |
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| A technique for establishing the causal relationship between variables. |
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| The creation of an artificial pattern of variation in a variable in order to determine its causal powers. |
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| A problem that occurs when anything about a person determines whether he or she will be included in the experimental or control group. |
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| A procedure that uses a random event to assign people to the experiment or control group. |
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| The characteristic of an experiment that establishes the causal relationship between variables. |
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| A property of an experiment in which the variables have been operationally defined in a normal, typical, or realistic way. |
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| The complete collection of participants who might possibly be measured. |
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| The partial collection of people drawn from a population. |
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| A method of gathering scientific knowledge by studying a single individual. |
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| A technique for choosing participants that ensures that every member of a population has an equal chance of being included in the sample. |
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| A written agreement to participate in a study made by an adult who has been informed of all the risks that participation may entail. |
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| A verbal description of the true nature and purpose of a study. |
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