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Definition
1. Atoms
2. Molecules
3. Cells
4. Organisms
5. Populations
6. Communities
7. Ecosystems
8. Biosphere |
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a characteristic of a system that does not appear in any of a system's component parts
ex: molecules are not alive, cells are alive
populations have a birth rate but individuals don't. |
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energy sustains life's organization
sense and respond to change-maintain homeostasis
organisms grow and reproduce |
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capacity to do work
requires nutrients |
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Definition
before the nucleus
archaea and bacteria
single celled, small, diverse
has cell membrane and cell wall, flagella and pili; cytoplasm w/ribosomes that make polypeptides; DNA in the nucleoid; polysaccharide slime layer for adhesion |
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True nucleus
protists, fungi, plants, animals
defined nucleus, endomembrane system, mitochondria
independent and free living or work together with many cells |
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| Scope and Limit of Science |
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Definition
systematic study of nature
limited by what is observable
does not address: subjective, supernatural, questions of morality
must be testable in ways that are repeatable to others |
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Definition
Observation
Question
Hypothesis
Prediction
Experimentation
Collect and analyze data
Publish in refereed journal |
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accurate- factual
truth- subjective |
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| hypothesis that has not been disproven even after being tested |
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| phenomenon that occurs without fail, but we don't have an explaination for why |
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| test that supports or falsifies a prediction. designed to test ONE variable |
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Definition
| likelihood outcome will occur, depends on total # possible outcomes |
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Definition
| unlikely to have occured by chance |
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Definition
| consist of protons (+), neutrons (neutral), and electrons (-) |
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Definition
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Definition
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| Protonsand neutrons clustered in the nucleus with electrons orbiting around |
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Definition
| pure substances with set number of protons |
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Definition
| number of protons and neutrons |
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Definition
| element with the normal number of protons but a different number of neutrons |
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Definition
elements with different numbers of protons and electrons
extra electron= negative
extra proton= positive |
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Definition
strong attraction between two ions with opposite charges. do not share an electron
NaCl |
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Term
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Definition
two atoms share a pair of electrons so each can be partially filled
sharing 1 pair- single bond- H(2)
sharing 2 pairs- double bond- O(2) |
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Definition
atoms share electrons equally
H(2), O(2), CO(2) |
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Definition
| do not share electrons equally, has positive and negative ends |
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Definition
form by mutual but weak attraction between a hydrogen atom on one molecule and an oppositely charged part of another molecule
not a true chemical bond |
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Term
| What's so cool about water? |
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Definition
1. excellent solvent
2. temperature stability- hydrogen bonds stop molecular jiggling
3. cohesion- molecules resist seperating, overcoming surface tension takes energy |
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Definition
| substane that gives up hydrogen ions when dissolved in water. has more hydrogen ions than hydroxide ions. pH<7 |
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Definition
| substance that accepts hydrogen ions when dissolved in water. has more hydroxide ions than hydrogen ions. pH>7 |
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Definition
| equal number of hydrogen and hydroxide ions. pH=7 |
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Definition
| chemical that can keep the pH stable by accepting or donating hydrogen ions as needed |
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Definition
made up of carbon and hydrogen and usually oxygen
carbohydrates
lipids
proteins
nucleic acids |
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| activities by which cells use energy |
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| process by which polymers are made and water is a by-product |
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| process by which polymers are broken down and water is used up |
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| used for energy and as structural materials, contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio |
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sugar monomer
glucose, fructose |
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2 sugar monomers
sucrose=glucose+fructose |
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sugar polymer
complex carbs |
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Definition
1, 2, or 3 fatty acid tails on a glycerol base
3 tails- triglyceride
single bonds- saturated fats
double bonds- unsaturated fats |
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| two fatty acid tails on a phosphate containing head, tails are hydrophobic, head is hydrophillic |
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| composed of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds (condensation reaction) |
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| made up of an amine groupe, carboxyl group, and "R group" |
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misfolded proteins that cause normal proteins to become misfolded
-mad cow disease, vCJD, Scrapie, and Kuru |
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made up of nucleotides
DNA, RNA |
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Definition
| Contain 5 carbon sugar, nitrogen base, 1 or more phosphate groups |
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Definition
| Every organism is made up of one or more cells |
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Definition
describes the cell membrane as a 2 dimentional liquid composition
membrane= fluid, not solid
mosaic= has different parts, hydrophillic and hydrophobic |
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Definition
enzymes
recognition proteins
receptor proteins
transport proteins |
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Definition
interacting organelles between nucleus and outer plasma membrane; make lipids, enzymes, proteins; destroys toxins, recycles wastes
ER
Vesicles
Golgi |
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Term
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Definition
rough and smooth
rough-outer ribosomes make polypeptides and enter RER to be folded to form tertiary structures
smooth- uses enzymes made in RER to make lipids; breaks down carbohydrates, fatty acids, drugs, & poisons |
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Definition
small membranebound sac-like balloons between organelles, to and from plasma membrane
peroxisomes- inactivate toxins
vacuoles- trash cans
lysosomes- break down contents of vacuoles |
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Definition
| recieves vesicle contents; puts finishing touches on proteins and lipids; sorts and repackages; sends to plasma membrane or lysosomes |
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Definition
| make ATP, have own DNA and ribosomes, divide independently of cell |
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| mitochondria was an independent bacteria that moved into a cell and formed a mutually beneficial relationship |
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| photosynthetic cells of plants and some protists; oval or disc shaped, double outer membrane surrounding fluid stroma (contains enzymes and chloroplast DNA) has a 3rd highly folded inner membrane which is the site for photosynthesis |
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Definition
interconnected protein filaments in cytoplasm-reinforce, organize and move cell structure; permanent or temporary
microtabules
microfilaments
intermediate fibers |
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| tubulin; assemble and dissassemble quickly, pulls apart chromosomes during cell division- can direct cell growth |
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| actin- strengthen or change the shape of cells, cause contractions in muscles |
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| lock cells and tissues together |
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Definition
connect cells to other cells
tight- prevent fluids from seeping between cells
adhering- snap cells to eachother in stretchy tissues
gap-connect cytoplasm of adjoining cells; allows ions and small molecules to pass from one cytoplasm to the other |
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