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Definition
| A socially created institution that coordinates human activity in the effort to produce, distribute, and consume goods and services |
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| Any products manufactured, grown, or extracted from the earth such as food, clothing, housing, automobiles, coal, computers, and so on. |
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Definition
| Activities performed for others that result in no tangible product, such as entertainment, transportation, financial advice, medical care, spiritual counseling, and education. |
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| The process by which plants and animals were brought under human control. |
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| The addition of external sources of power, such as oil or steam, to hand tools and modes of transportation. |
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| a form of domination in which one country imposes its political, economic, social, and cultural institutions on a indigenous population and the land it occupies. |
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| An econimic system in which the raw materials and the means of producing and distributing goods and services are privately owned... characterized by private ownership of the means of production and are profit-driven, free of government interference, and consumer-driven. |
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Definition
| A situation in which individuals (rather than workers, the government, or communal groups) own the raw materials, machines, tools, labor, trucks, buildings, and other inputs needed to produce and distribute goods and services. |
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| An economic system in which the raw materials and the means of producing and distributing goods and services are collectively owned. |
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| A large corporation that owns "smaller" corporations acquired through merger or acquisition. |
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Definition
| A situation in which a single producer dominates a market. |
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Definition
| A situation in which a few producers dominate a market. |
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Term
| primary sector (of the economy) |
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Definition
| Economic activities that generate of extract raw materials from the natural environment. |
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| secondary sector (of the economy) |
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Definition
| Economic activities that transform raw materials into manufactured goods. |
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| tertiary sector (of the economy) |
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Definition
| Economic activities related to delivering services, including the creation and distribution of information. |
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Term
| gross domestic product (GDP) |
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Definition
| The monetary value of the goods and services that a nation's work force produces over the course of a year (or some other time period). |
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Definition
| A socially created institution that regulates the use of and access to power that is essential to articulating and realizing individual, local, regional, national, international, or global interests. |
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| The probability that an individual can achieve his or her will even against another individual's opposition. |
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| Legitimate power in which people believe that the difference in power are just and proper-that is, people view a leader as being entitled to give orders. |
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Definition
| A type of authority that relies on the sanctity of time-honored norms that govern the selection of someone to a powerful position (chief, king, queen) and that specify responsibilities and appropriate conduct for the individual selected. |
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Definition
| A type of authority that dervies from the exceptional and exemplary qualities of the person who issues commands. |
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| A type of authority that rests on a system of impersonal rules that formally specifies the qualifications for occupying a powerful position. |
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| The organizational structure that directs and coordinates people's involvement in the political activities of a country or other territory (city, county, state) within that country. |
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Definition
| A system of government in which power is vested in the citizen body, and in which members of that citizen body participate directly or indirectly in the decision-making process. |
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Definition
| A system of government in which decision making takes place indirectly through elected representatives. |
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Definition
| A system of government characterized by (1) a single ruling party led by a dictator, (2) an unchallenged official ideology that defines a vision of the "perfect" society and the means to achieve that vision, (3) a system of social control that suppresses dissent and opposition, and (4) centralized control over the media and the economy. |
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Definition
| A system of government in which there is no separation of power and single person (dictator), group (family, military, single party), or social class holds all power. |
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Definition
| A form of government in which political authority rests i the hands of religious leaders of a theologically trained elite. Under this system, there is no separation of church and state. |
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Definition
| Those few people who occupy such lofty positions in the social structure of leading institutions that their decisions have consequences affecting millions of people worldwide. |
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Definition
| A model that views politics as an arena of compromise, alliances, and negotiation among many competing and different special-interest groups, and power as something that is dispersed among those groups. |
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Definition
| Groups composed of people who share an interest in a particular economic, political, and social issue and who form an organization or join an existing organization with the goal of influencing public opinion and governent policy. |
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Term
| political action committees (PACs) |
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Definition
| Committees that raise money to be donated to the political candidates most likely to support their special interests. |
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Definition
| A tax-exempt advocacy organization that seeks to influence general elections by running issue related advertisements criticizing the record of a candidate or by mobilizing voters to register and vote. |
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| A group of countries under the direct or indirect control of a foreign power or government such that the dominant power shapes the subordinate entities' political, economic, and cultural development. |
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| A political entity that exerts control and influence over foreign entities through conquest or force and.or through policies and economic pressures. |
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Definition
| A process by which a power maintains its dominance over other entities. |
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| One that believes military strength, and the willingness to use it, is the source of national-and even global-security. |
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Definition
| Groups who participate in armed rebellion against some established authority, government, or administration with the the hope that those power will retreat. |
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Definition
| The average number of children that a woman bears in her lifetime. |
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Definition
| A population in which the percentage that is age 65 and older is increasing relative to other age groups. |
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Definition
| A social institution that binds people together through blood, marriage, law, and/or social norms. Family members are generally expected to care for and support each other. |
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Term
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Definition
| A standard against which real cases can be compared. |
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Definition
| A critical set of potential social advantages, including the chance to live past the first year of life, to live independently in old age, and everything in between. |
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Term
| secure parental employment |
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Definition
| A situation in which at least one parent of guardian is employed full-time (35 or more hours per week for at least 50 weeks in the past year). |
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Term
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Definition
| Work that involves "the production of the means of existence, of food, clothing, and shelter and the tools necessary for that production" |
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Definition
| Work that involves bearing children, caregiving, managing households, and educating children. |
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Definition
| Norms requiring or encouraging people to choose a partner from a social category other than their own. |
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Term
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Definition
| Norms requiring or encouraging people to choose a partner from the same social category as their own. |
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Term
| low-technology tribal societies |
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Definition
| Hunting-and-gathering societies with technologies that do not permit the creation of surplus wealth. |
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Term
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Definition
| Wealth beyond what is needed to meet basic human needs, such as food and shelter. |
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Term
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Definition
| Preindustrial arrangements in which a household acts as a n armed unit and the head of the household acts as its military commander. The household is characterized by the presence of a nonhouseholder class, consisting of propertyless laborers and servants. |
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Definition
| The extent to which caregivers believe that their emotional balance, physical health, social life, and financial status suffer because of their caregiver role. |
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Definition
| A subspecialty within sociology that focuses on the study of human populations, particularly on their size and rate of growth. |
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Definition
| The annual number of births per 1,000 people in a designted geographic area. |
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Term
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Definition
| The annual number of births per 1,000 women of a specific age group. |
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Definition
| The annual number of deaths per 1,000 people in a designated geographic area. |
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Term
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Definition
| The annual number of deaths of infants one year old or younger for every 1,000 such infants born alive. |
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Term
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Definition
| The movement of people from one residence to another. |
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Term
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Definition
| A rate based on the difference between the number of people entering and the number of people leaving a designated geographic area in a year. We divide that difference by the size of the relevant population and the multiply the result by 1,000. |
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Term
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Definition
| The conditions that encourage people to move out of a geographic area. |
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Term
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Definition
| The conditions that encourage people to move into a geographic area. |
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Definition
| The departure of individuals fromone country or other geographic area to take up residence elsewhere. |
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Term
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Definition
| The entry of individuals into a country or other geographic area of which they are not natives to take up residence there. |
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Definition
| The movement of people within the boundaries of a single country-from one state, region, or city to another. |
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Term
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Definition
| The movement of people into a designated geographic area, such as a country, region, or city. |
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Term
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Definition
| The movement of people out of a designated geogrpahic area, sucha as a country, region, or city. |
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Term
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Definition
| The number of births minus the number of deaths occuring in a population in a year, divided by the size of the population at the beginning of the year. |
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Term
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Definition
| The number of births minus the number of deaths occuring in a population in a year, divided by thhe size of the population at the beginning of the year. |
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Term
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Definition
| The estimated number of years rquired for a country's population to double in size. |
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Term
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Definition
| A series of horizontal bar graphs, each representing a different five-year age cohort, that allows us to compare the sizes of the cohorts. |
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Term
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Definition
| A group of people born around the same time (such as a specified five-year period) who share common experiences and perspectives by virtue of the time they were born. |
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Term
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Definition
| A triangular population pyramid that is broadest at the base, with each succesive cohort smaller than the one below it. This pyramid shows that the population consists disproportionately of young people. |
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Term
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Definition
| A population pyramid that is narrower at the base than in the middle. It shows that the population consists disproportionately of young people. |
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Term
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Definition
| A population pyramid in which all cohorts (except the oldest) are roughly the same size. |
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Term
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Definition
| The number of females for every thousand males (or another preferred constant, such as 10,100 or 10,000) |
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Definition
| Violent fluctuations in the death rate, caused by war, famine, or epidemics. |
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Term
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Definition
| Events that increase deaths-including epidemics of infectious and parasitic diseases, war, famine, and natural disasters- and thus keep population size in line with the food supply. |
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Definition
| The difference between a population's birth rate and death rate. |
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Definition
| An increase in the number of cities in a designated geographic area and growth in the proportion of the area's population living in cities. |
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Term
| labor-intensive poor economies |
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Definition
| Economies that have a lower level of industrial production and a lower standard of living than core economies. They differ markedly from core economies on idicators such as doubling time, infant mortality, total fertility, per capita, income, and per capita energy consumption. |
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Term
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Definition
| Economies that have a higher level of industrial production and a higher standard of living than labor-intensive poor economies. They include the wealthies, most highly diversified economies in the world. |
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Definition
| The point at which population growth overwhelms the environment's carrying capacity. |
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Definition
| Urban areas with populations of 1 million or more. |
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Definition
| An agglomeration of at least 8 million (UN definition) or 10 million (US definition) people. |
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Definition
| A situation in which urban misery-pverty, unemployment, housing shortages, insufficient infrastructure-is exacerbated by an influx of unskilled, illiterate, and poverty-stricken rural migrants, who have been pushed into cities out of desperation. |
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Term
| metropolitan statistical area (MSA) |
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Definition
| One or more cities with at least 50,000 residents, surrounded by densely populated counties. |
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Definition
| The largest city within a metropolitan statistical area. |
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Definition
| An urban area outside the political boundaries of a city. |
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Definition
| Characteristic of a geographical area beyond the politcal boundaries of a central city and its suburbs. |
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