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| Although instinct theory fails to explain most human behavior the existence of simple fixed patters=ns such as an infants rooting and sucking suggests some innate tendencies in humans indeed the underlying assumption of instinct theory that ________ is as strong as ever |
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Definition
| genes predispose species typical behavior |
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| drive reduction theory proposess that a need or deprivation leads to an aroused state or drive this in turn motivates the orgganism to act to reduce this drive and restore internal stability the maintenance of a balanced internal state is called |
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| motivated behaviors satisfy a variety of needs when feeling bored we may look for ways to |
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| behavior is also influenced by incentives in the environment as when the smell of baking bread triggers a desire to eat to explain the effects of external incentives we must refer to |
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Definition
| individual learning histories |
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| acording to abraham maslow we are not prompted to satisfy psychological needs such as the need to be accepted or loved until we have satisfied more basic survival needs the most basic needs are physiological needs including the need for food water and oxygen just above these are |
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| the hypothalamus a structure deep within the brain controls feelings of hunger and fullness in part by evaluating changes in blood chemistry hunger occurs in response to high blood insulin and |
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Definition
| low blood glucose and high levels of ghrelin |
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| set point theory proposes that our bodies tend to maintain themselves at a partivular weight level when our weight falls below the set point we feel hungrier and lethargic this weight thermostat is an example of |
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| some of our responses to food and eating are learned others are genetic and universal which of the following is a genetically disposed response to food |
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Definition
| a preference for sweet and salty foods |
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Term
| both anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa are eating disorders characterized by abnormal eating patterns which of the following is true of bulimia nervosa |
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Definition
| bulimia is marked by weight fluctuations within or above normal ranges |
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| Obese people find it very difficult to lose weight pemanently this is due to several factors including the fact that |
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Definition
| there is a genetic influence on body weight |
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Term
| in describing the sexual response cycle masters and johnson noted that |
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Definition
| men experience a refractory period in which they cannot experience orgasm |
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Term
| daily and monthly fluictuations in hormone levels do not greatly affect sucual desire in humans but hormonal changes over the life span can have significant effects a striking effect of hormonal changes on human sexual behavior is the |
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Definition
| sharp rise in sexual interest at puberty |
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Term
| sexual behavior is motivated by internal biological factors by external stimuli and by imagined stimuli an example of an external stimulus that might influence sexual behavior is |
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| sexual orientation refers to our enduring sexual attraction to members of a particular gender current research suggests several possible contributors to sexual orientation which of one of the following is not one of those contributors |
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Definition
| adomineering mom and inefectual father |
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| more than half of all sexually active teens either do not use contraceptives or dont use them regularly factors conrtributing to teen pregnancies include ignorance about reproduction and conraception guilt about sexual behavior mass media norms of promiscuity insufficient communication about contraception and |
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| some researchers contend that humans are stongly motivated by a need to belong which of the following is not part of the evidence presented to support this view |
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Definition
| as adults adopted children tend to resemble their biological parents and to yearn for an affiliation with them |
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Term
| psychologists know that achievements are not distributed in a bell curve as intelligence scores are achievement therefore must be more than just raw ability studies of highly motivated children have found that |
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Definition
| their parents and teachers tend to encourage their independence and praise and reward their success |
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Term
| two important theories of emotion are the JL theory and the CB theory the JLT states our experience of an emotion is a consequence of our physiological response to a stimulus we are afraid because our heart pounds The CB theory proposes that the physiological response and the subjective exp of fear |
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| assume that after spending an hour on a treadmill you receive a letter saying that your scholarship request has been approved the two factor theory of emotion would predict that your physical arousal will |
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| research suggests that we can exp an aroused state as one of several different emotions depending on how we interpret and label the arousal if physically aroused by swimming then heckled by an onlooker we may interpret our arousal as anger and |
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Definition
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| Robert zajonc and joseph ledoux maintain that some of our emotional reactions occur before we have had the chance to label or interpret them richard lazarus disagreed these psychologists differ about whether emotional reactions occur in the absence of |
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Definition
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| emotions such as fear and anger involve a general autonomic arousal orchestrated by the sympathertic nervous system in many situations arousal is adaptive for example with a challenging task such as taking an eam performance is likely to be disrupted when arousal is |
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Definition
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| feelings of fear and anger inbolve a similar general autonomic arousal but they avtivate different brain areas for example stimulate one area of a cats ______________ and the cat draws back in terror stimulate another area of that structure and the cat hisses with rage |
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| some nonverbal behaviors threats and smiles for example are universally understood others are not people in different cultures are most likely to differ in their interpretations of |
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Definition
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| when people are induced to assume fearful expressions they often report feeling a little fearful this result is known as the ___________ effect |
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| in some situations venting anger seems to calm a person temporarily more often acting angry increases hostility experts suggest that to bring down anger a good first step is to |
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Definition
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| after graduating from college you get a job and move into a large metropolitan city at first you find the street noise irritatingly loud but after a while it no longer bothers you thus illustrating the |
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Definition
| adaptation level principle |
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Term
| a philosopher notes that one cannot escape envy by means of success alone there will always be someone more successful more accomplished or richer with whom to compare oneself in psychology this observation is embodied in the |
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Definition
| relative deprivation principle |
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| when comparing happy and unhappy people researchers find that happy people are optimistic outgoing and likely to have satisfying close relationships one of the most consistent findings of psychological research is that happy people are also |
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Definition
| more likely to help others |
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Term
| age race and gender seem not to be predicably related to subjective feelings of happiness or well being however researchers have found that happy people tend to |
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Definition
| have a meaningful religious faith |
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Term
| the psycologist walter cannon described the role of the sypathetic nervous system in preparing the body for fight or flight hans selye extended cannons findings by descibing the bodys adaptive response to stress in general selyes general adaptation syndrome consists of an alarm reaction followed by |
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Definition
| resistence then exhaustion |
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Term
| In the months following a catastrophe such as an eathquake or hurricane there is a higher than usual number of short term illnesses and stress related psychological disorders following widowhood there is an increased risk of illness and death these findings suggest that |
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Definition
| experiencing a very stressful event increases ones vulnerability to illness and death |
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Term
| Stressors are events that we appraise as challenging or threatening reasearch suggests that thte most significant sources of stress are |
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Definition
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| the stress we experience depends on how we perceive the events of our lives a person is most likely to find an event stressful and to suffer reduced immunity and other advers health effects if the event seems |
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Definition
| uncontrollable and negative |
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Term
| cardiologists meyer friedman and ray rosenman obserbed that heart attacks were more frequent in tyoe a men in those appeared to be hard driving verbally aggressive and anger prone the component of type a behavior is linked most closely to coronary heart disease is |
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Definition
| feeling angry and negative much of the time |
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Term
| stress hormones suppress the lymphocytes which ordinarily attack bacteria viruses cancer cells and other foreign substances the stress hormones are released mainly in response to a signal from the |
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Definition
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| research has shown that people are at increased risk for canver a year or so agter experiencing depression helplessness or bereabement in describing this link beween emotions and cancer reseatchers are quick to point out that |
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Definition
| stress does not create cancer cells but it weakens the bodies natural defense against them |
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| a number of studies reveal that aerobic exercise raises energy levels and helps alleviate depression and anxiety one explanation for these emotional effects of exercise is that exercise triggers the release of mood boosting neurotransmitters such as norepinephine serotonin and the |
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Definition
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| Long term studies of thaousands of people indicate that people who have close relationships a strong social support system are less likely to die prematurely thatn those who do not these studies support the idea that |
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Definition
| social support has a beneficial effect on health |
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