Term
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Definition
| This one also has property p, so the other one has it too |
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Term
| Criteria for arguments by analogy |
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Definition
- The larger the sample the stronger the argument
- The greater the percentage of the sample that has the property in question, the stronger the argument
- The greater the # of similarities between the sample and the target, the stonger the argument
- With regard to a feature that, to our knowledge, the target may or may not have the greater the diversity in the sample the stronger the argument
- The broader the conclusion the stronger the argument
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Term
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Definition
| If I do this enough times than the results would be representative the closer to the underlying properties it would be |
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Term
| Important Questions to consider |
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Definition
Was it a random sample?
How were the questions worded?
What is the error margins? |
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Term
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Definition
| A precise definition of a population and of the attribute in which we are interested in. A definition that enables us to know for any individual whether he/she is in the population and whether he/she has the attribute of interest |
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Term
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Definition
| When variables linked to the attribute of interest are present in the sample in the same proportion as in the population |
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Term
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Definition
| When a variable is not present in the sample in the same proportion as in the population |
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Term
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Definition
| Selection by a procedure that ensures, that every member of the population has a equal chance of being included. |
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Term
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Definition
| Range of random variation (even random damples will not be totally free from bias) |
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Term
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Definition
| At a given level of probability the larger the sample the smaller the error margin for that sample. The level of probability is referred to as :___________ |
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Term
| Principles for thinking critically about an inductive generalization from a sample |
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Definition
- Differences between the sample and the population (weakens the argument)
- Samples that are too small or too undiversified to represent the population weakens the argument
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Term
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Definition
| Things that are said to have similar attributes |
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Term
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Definition
| The larger the sample population (or the # of observations) used in a test, the more accurate the predictions of the behavior of that sample, and smaller the expected deviations in comparison of outcomes. |
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Term
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Definition
A __________ takes a sample of a population and makes a conclusion regarding the entire population.
X percent of observed Fs are Gs
therefore
A percent of all Fs are Gs |
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Term
| Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc |
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Definition
| Fallacy is based upon the mistaken notion that simply b/c one thing happens after another the first event was a cause of the second event |
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Term
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Definition
Allowing a effect to occure before its cause.
Ex. Tallness is associated with basketball therefore playing basketball will make you very tall. |
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Term
| Ignoring a Common Cause Fallacy |
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Definition
1. A and B are regularly connected (but no third common cause is looked for)
2. therefore A is the cause of B |
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Term
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Definition
Failing to account for other differences between the 2 common events. Failing to account for the fact that my two situations differ in other important respects
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Term
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Definition
| A experimental trial in which participants --- the subject or the investigator --- are unaware as to whether they are in the experimental or control arm of the study. |
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