Term
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Definition
| process by which a cell divides into two new daughter cells |
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Term
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Definition
| part of eukaryotic cell division during which the cell nucleus divides |
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Definition
| one of two identical “sister” parts of a duplicated chromosome |
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Definition
| division of the cytoplasm during cell division |
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Definition
| area where the chromatids of a chromosome are attached |
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Term
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Definition
| period of the cell cycle between cell divisions |
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Term
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Definition
| series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide |
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Term
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Definition
| first and longest phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes become visible and the centrioles separate and take up positions on the opposite sides of the nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
| one of two tiny structures located in the cytoplasm of animal cells near the nuclear envelope |
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Term
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Definition
| fanlike microtubule structure that helps separate the chromosomes during mitosis |
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Term
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Definition
| second phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| the third phase of mitosis, during which the chromosome pairs separate and move toward opposite poles |
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Term
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Definition
| fourth and final phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes begin to disperse into a tangle of dense material |
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Term
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Definition
| one of a family of closely related proteins that regulate the cell cycle in eukaryotic cells |
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Term
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Definition
| disorder in which some of the body's own cells lose the ability to control growth |
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Term
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Definition
| scientific study of heredity |
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Term
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Definition
| process in sexual reproduction in which male and female reproductive cells join to form a new cell |
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Term
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Definition
| term used to describe organisms that produce offspring identical to themselves if allowed to self-pollinate |
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Term
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Definition
| specific characteristic that varies from one individual to another |
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Term
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Definition
| offspring of crosses between parents with different traits |
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Term
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Definition
| sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait |
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Term
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Definition
| one of a number of different forms of a gene |
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Term
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Definition
| separation of alleles during gamete formation |
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Term
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Definition
| specialized cell involved in sexual reproduction |
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Term
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Definition
| likelihood that a particular event will occur |
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Term
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Definition
| diagram showing the gene combinations that might result from a genetic cross |
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Term
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Definition
| term used to refer to an organism that has two identical alleles for a particular trait |
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Term
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Definition
| term used to refer to an organism that has two different alleles for the same trait |
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Term
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Definition
| physical characteristics of an organism |
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Term
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Definition
| genetic makeup of an organism |
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Term
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Definition
| independent segregation of genes during the formation of gametes |
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Term
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Definition
| situation in which one allele is not completely dominant over another |
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Term
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Definition
| situation in which both alleles of a gene contribute to the phenotype of the organism |
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Term
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Definition
| three or more alleles of the same gene |
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Term
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Definition
| trait controlled by two or more genes |
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Term
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Definition
| term used to refer to chromosomes that each have a corresponding chromosome from the opposite-sex parent |
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Term
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Definition
| term used to refer to a cell that contains both sets of homologous chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| term used to refer to a cell that contains only a single set of chromosomes and therefore only a single set of genes |
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Term
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Definition
| process by which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half through the separation of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell |
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Term
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Definition
| structure containing 4 chromatids that forms during meiosis |
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Term
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Definition
| process in which homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids during meiosis |
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Term
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Definition
| diagram showing the relative locations of each known gene on a particular chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
| process in which one strain of bacteria is changed by a gene or genes from another strain of bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
| virus that infects bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
| monomer of nucleic acids made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base |
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Term
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Definition
| principle that bonds in DNA can form only between adenine and thymine and between guanine and cytosine |
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Term
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Definition
| granular material visible within the nucleus; consists of DNA tightly coiled around proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| protein molecule around which DNA is tightly coiled in chromatin |
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Term
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Definition
| copying process by which a cell duplicates its DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| enzyme involved in DNA replication that joins individual nucleotides to produce a DNA molecule |
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Term
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Definition
| sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait |
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Term
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Definition
| RNA molecule that carries copies of instructions for the assembly of amino acids into proteins from DNA to the rest of the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| type of RNA that makes up the major part of ribosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| type of RNA molecule that transfers amino acids to ribosomes during protein synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
| process in which part of the nucleotide sequence of DNA is copied into a complementary sequence in RNA |
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Term
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Definition
| enzyme similar to DNA polymerase that binds to DNA and separates the DNA strands during transcription |
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Term
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Definition
| region of DNA that indicates to an enzyme where to bind to make RNA |
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Term
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Definition
| sequence of DNA that is not involved in coding for a protein |
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Term
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Definition
| expressed sequence of DNA; codes for a protein |
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Term
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Definition
| three-nucleotide sequence on messenger RNA that codes for a single amino acid |
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Term
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Definition
| decoding of a mRNA message into a polypeptide chain |
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Term
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Definition
| group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to an mRNA codon |
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Term
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Definition
| change in a DNA sequence that affects genetic information |
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Term
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Definition
| gene mutation involving changes in one or a few nucleotides |
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Term
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Definition
| mutation that shifts the “reading” frame of the genetic message by inserting or deleting a nucleotide |
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Term
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Definition
| condition in which an organism has extra sets of chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| group of genes operating together |
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Term
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Definition
| region of chromosome in an operon to which the repressor binds when the operon is “turned off” |
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Term
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Definition
| process in which cells become specialized in structure and function |
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Term
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Definition
| series of genes that controls the differentiation of cells and tissues in an embryo |
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