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bacteria, archaea, eukarya
distinguished by 16S rRNA sequences as described by Woese |
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| stromatolites of cyanobacteria date to more than 3.5 billion years ago; these photosynthetic bacteria produced the oxygen needed for the evolution of aerobic microbes |
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| aceulluar infectious agents |
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| viruses, viroids, virusoids, and prions |
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| proposed by Pasteur, proved by Koch |
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| first vaccination in Western medicine (against smallpox) |
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| disproved spontaneous generation; pasteurization |
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| proved germ theory of disease by use of four postulates |
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| first to sterilize surgical instruments |
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| discovered first antibiotic (penicillin) |
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| a polymer of monosaccharides |
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| comprises the main component of the lipid-lipid bilayer of all cellular membranes; integral proteins also play important functions in transport, structure, and signaling |
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| twenty common ones in proteins |
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| hold together amino acids into proteins |
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| enzymes that catalyze biochemical reactions in cells |
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| ATP, the main reservoir for chemical energy in all cells |
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| DNA and RNA, polymers of nucleotides |
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| small circular DNAs of bactera and fungi; replicate independently of chromomal DNA |
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| contains the condensed bacterial chromosome (circular DNA) |
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| 70S in bacteria comprised of 50S and 30S subunits, 80S comprised of 60S and 40S subunits in eukaryotes |
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| thick coated particle that forms inside some bacteria containing nucleoid; it is stable to radiation, chemicals, drying |
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| meter=unit of length measurement |
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| compound light microscope |
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ocular lens 10X objective lenses 4X, 10X 40X and 100X
bright field and darkfield techniques |
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| phase contrast microscopy |
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| yields detailed images of living cells based upon differences in the refractive indexes of their components |
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| achieves best magnification because oil has the ame refractive inde as glass and it is the most powerful lens |
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| fluorochromes absorb light and reemit it |
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| fluorochromes attached to antibodies bind to protein antigens and cause them to light up |
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| uses beam of electrons focused by magnets two types |
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| look at contents of cells |
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| look at the surface of cells |
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| one stain colors all cells the same |
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| color different cells differently |
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| crystal violet stains G+ purple and G- pink |
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| carbol fuschin stains mycobacteria hot pink and methylene blue stains other bacteria blue |
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| bacterial cell wall composition |
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| peptidoglycan; alternating copolymers of NAG and NAM are cross-linked together into a three dimensional matrix |
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| cross-links peptidoglycan; sensitive to penicillin |
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| long motility structures (bacterial flagella are much smaller and simpler than eukaryotic flagella; they move powered by ATP, but the mechanism are different) eukaryotic cilia are identical in cross section to eukaryotic flagella |
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| motility structures in spirochetes (G-) |
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| contains DNA organized into pairs of chromosomes; surrounded by nuclear envelope which has pores for transport between the nucleus and the cytoplasm |
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| site of ribosomal RNA synthesis and assembly of ribosomal subunits |
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| mitochondria and chloroplasts |
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| produce ATP both are belived to have evolved from bacteria (endosymbiont theory) both have inner membranes that are important in ATP production (cristae in mitochondira and thylakoids in chloroplasts) |
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| rough has ribosomes and is the site of some protein synthesis; smooth has no ribosomes, but it functions in phospholipid synthesis |
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| functions in secretion by exocytosis |
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| contains lytic enzymes (proteases, nucleases, lipases, etc and low pH) cellular "stomach" |
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| brings material into cells in endocytic vesicles; these can fuse with lysosomes |
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| membrane-bound structure in eukaryotic cell |
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| small har like structures on the surface of bacterial cells; fimbrae functions in attachment; the F pilus functions in DNA transfer from a donor cell to a recipient cell in bacterial conjugation |
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| slimy layer for attachment in some bacteria |
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| thin cell walls and an outer membrane containing LPS |
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| lipopolysaccharide pyrogen that causes fever |
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| have unique structures in their cell walls and membranes that enable them to survive in harsh conditions that would kill bacteria |
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| either envelopes or are nonenveloped |
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| two common structures of viruses |
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| icosahedrons and the filaments of morphology |
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| lytic life cycle of a virus |
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| attachment, entry, synthesis of viral proteins and nucleic acid, assembly of progeny viruses, and lysis (Breakage) of cells |
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| can enter a period of latency in which the viral genome is integrated into host cell DNA (provirus) |
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| a hole in amonolayer of cells caused by one infectios virus particle (PFU=plaque forming unit) serial dilutions and plaque assays are used to measure the number of infections virus particles in a preparations |
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| infections protein particles that cause progressive degeneration of the CNS; they are normal brain proteins that misfold and aggregate causing problems |
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| molds that have filamentous cells (hyphae) spetate hypae consist of discrete cells versus nonseptate hyphae that multinucleated |
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| use carbon dioxide as a source of carbon |
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| use oxidation of chemicls |
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| use inorganic substances as a source of electrons, but organotrophs use organic compounds |
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| have all components known |
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| not well defined chemically, but the are a rich source of nutrients |
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| like blood agar can support the growth of bacteria well |
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| promote the gorwth of some bacteria and inhibit others |
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| differences in the appearance of bacterial colonies |
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| seen using differential media |
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| water moves freely across cell membrane; it enters cell in hypotonic solutions and it leaves cells in hypertonic solutions |
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| isolate pure culters of vacteria from a mixture |
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| pour plate, count colonies to determine the number if viable vacteria |
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| requires ATP or a proton motive force (pH gradient across a membrane) |
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| is transport media by an integral membrane protein |
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| transport in which covalent modification of the transported substance occurs simultaneously with the transport |
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| have homologs of eukaryotic cytoskeletal proteins |
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| one bacterium divides to yield two bacteria |
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| phases of growth in batch cultures |
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| lag, log, stationary, death |
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| reduce numbers of colony forming units/ml for successful plating |
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| can be made using a hemocytometer |
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| can be filtered onto membranes that are placed on agar plates for incubation and colony counts |
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| easy spectrophotometric measurement of vacterial growth |
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| a devise used for controlled, uniform growth of microbes for extended times |
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| grow best in high concentrations of salt |
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affects bacterial growth (minimum, optimum, maximum)
vacteria are classified as mesophiles, thermophiles, extreme thermophiles, pschropiles and psychrotrophs |
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| oxygen affects bacterial growth |
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| aerobes and microaerophiles need it, but anaerobes don't need it and may be poisned by it (obligate anaerobe) |
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| have protective enzymes (catalase, superoxide dismutase) that get rid of reactive oxygen species that otherwise would kill the cell anaerobes can be grown in the lab in a Gas PAk jar |
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| kill bacteria by causing mutations in DNA |
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| bacteria commonly grow in nature as... |
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| biofilms, and the can communicate chemically with one another |
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| conditions that kill microbes |
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| result in an exponential decrease in the number of viable cells with times |
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| destruction of microbes on inanimate objectes |
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| destruction of microbes on living tissue |
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| reduction in bacterial levels to safe levels |
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| heating fluids to reduce microbial levels |
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| steam plus pressure kills everything |
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| used in biological safetey cabinets to filter microbes from the air |
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| membrane filters with defined pore sizes |
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| used to filter sterilize fluids that cannot be autoclaved |
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| inhibit the growth of vacteria |
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| phenolics, alcohols, halogenated compounds, aldhydes, quaternary ammonium compounds, and gases like ethylene oxide |
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| can be used fo disinfection and or antisepsis |
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| use of chemicals to kill pathogenic microbes |
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