those forces causing movement

Kinematics

the time space and mass aspects of a moving system

Osteokinematics

movement of bones around a joint axis

Arthrokinematics

joint surface movement

Fundamental Position

same as the anatomical position except that the palms face the sides of the body. This position is often used in discussing rotation of the upper extremity

Ipsilateral

same side

contralateral

opposite side

Linear Motion (aka translator motion)

occurs in a more or less straight line from one location to another. All parts of the object move the same distance in the same direction and at the same time.

Rectilinear

movement that occurs in a straight line

Curvilinear 

movement of an object around a fixed point. All parts of the object move through the same angle in the same direction, and at the same time, but they do not move the same distance.

• movement outside the body tends to be linear
• most movement within the body is angular

Functions of the Skeleton

Axial

Compact Bone

makes up a hard, dense outer shell

always completely covers bone and tends to be thick along the shaft and thin at the ends of long bones

also thick in the plates of the flat bones of the skull

Cancellous bone

porous and spongy inside portion called the trabeculae (little beams)

arranged in a pattern that resists local stress and strains

Trabeculae tend to be filled with marrow and make the bone lighter.

Cancellous bone makes up most of the articular ends of bones

Epiphysis

contains the epiphyseal plate where longitudinal growth occurs

Diaphysis

made up of compact bone which gives it strength

Its center is the medullary canal which decreases the weight of the bone. The canal contains marrow and provides passage for nutrient arteries

Metaphysis

Periosteum

thin fibrous membrane covering all of the bone except the articular surfaces that are covered with hyaline cartilage

contains nerve and blood vessels that are important in providing nourishment, promoting growth in diameter and repairing the bone

also serves as an attachment point for tendons and ligaments

Pressure Epiphysis

receives pressure from the opposing bone making up that joint

growth of long bones occurs here

Traction Epiphysis

Long bones

their length is greater than their width

make up most of the appendicular skeleton

the end of long bones have hyaline cartilage

Short bones

have equal dimensions of height, length and width giving them a cube shape

usually articulate with more than one bone

bones of the wrist and ankle

Flat bones

have a broad surface but are not very thick

tend to have a curved surface rather than a flat one

ilium and scapula

Irregular

have a variety of mixed shapes

vertebrae and sacrum

Sesamoid

resemble the shape of sesame seeds

located where tendons cross the ends of long bones in the extremities

develop with the tendon and protect it from excessive wear

considered accessory bones and their shape and number vary greatly

There are no long or short bones in the _______ skeleton and there are no irregular bones in the _______ skeleton.

1. axial skeleton
2. appendicular skeleton

Foramen

Fossa

Groove

Meatus

Sinus

Condyle

Eminence

Projecting, prominent part of a bone

Facet

Flat or shallow articular surface

Head

Crest

Epicondyle

Line

Spine

Long thin projection (spinous process)

Tubercle

Tuberosity

large rounded projection

Joint 

1.       Synarthrosis

2.       Syndesmosis

3.       Gomphosis

       Synarthrosis joints

a.       aka suture joint

b.      joints of the skull

c.       essentially no motion between the bones

d.      purpose is to provide shape and strength

       Syndesmosis joints

a.       aka ligamentous joint

b.      small amount of twisting or stretching movement can occur

c.       found in the distal tibiofibular joint at the ankle and the distal radioulnar joint

       Gomphosis joints

a.       greek for “bolting together”

b.      structure is referred to as peg-in-socket

c.       occurs between a tooth and the wall of its dental socket in the mandible and maxilla

Cartilaginous (or amphiarthrodial) joint

disks of the vertebral joint

allows a small amount of motion such as bending or twisting and some compression

also provide a great deal of stability

Synovial (or diarthrodial joint b/c it allows free motion) joint

has no direct union between the bone ends

   not as stable as other joints but does allow a great deal more motion

1.       Nonaxial Joint

2.       Uniaxial Joint

                      3.       Biaxial Joint                     

       4.       Triaxial Joint – multiaxial joint

       Nonaxial Joint

tends to be Linear movement instead of angular

  glide over one another instead of one moving around the other (described as a plane joint)

  nonaxial motion occurs secondarily to other motion

       Uniaxial Joint

  angular motion occurring in one plane around one axis

Hinge joint

only motions possible are flexion and extension

ex. Elbow and Knee

  Pivot Joint

Rotation              

ex. Atlas/Axis andRadius/Ulna

                                                     Biaxial Joint                                              

occurs in two different directions

  Condyloid Joint

                                                       Flexion/Extension

                                                    Abduction/Adduction

                                                            ex.      Wrist & MP’s

Saddle Joint

                                                         Flexion/Extension

                                                           Abduction/Adduction

                                                          Rotation (accessory)

                                                           ex.      Thumb, CMC        

       Triaxial Joint

 multiaxial joint

motion occurs activity around all three axis

Ball and Socket joint

Flexion, Extension, Abduction, Adduction, and rotation

  ex.  Shoulder and hip

Ligament

fibrous connective tissue that holds and supports the two bones of a joint  

Provide attachment for cartilage, fascia, and occasionally muscle

Capsule layers

• Outer layer – fibrous tissue and provides support and protection to the joint
• Inner layer (synovial membrane) – thick vascular connective tissue that secretes synovial fluid

Synovial fluid 

Cartilage 

Hyaline (Articular) cartilage  

Fibrocartilage  

strong and acts as a shock absorber

Knee (menisci)
Intervertebral Disc
Fibrocartilaginous disc at the sternoclavicular joint
Labrum

Elastic Cartilage 

designed to help maintain the shape of a structure

external ear
larynx tube

Tendon

Tendon Sheaths 

Aponeurosis 

Bursa 

small pad like sacs. Located in areas of excessive friction such as under tendons and over boney prominences
(Reduces friction between moving parts)

Two types of bursa: natural and acquired

Fracture

Dislocation 

Subluxation

Sprain

Strain 

Tendonitis

Tenosynovitis

Synovitis

Bursitis

  Bony end feel

Capsular end feel

Empty end feel

Springy block  

Soft tissue approximation end feel

Osteokinematic motion

2 types of Accessory Movements

1. Joint Play Movements
2. Component Movements

Joint Play Movements

Component Movements 

Ovoid joint  

Sellar joint 

each joint surface is concave and convex in another

  (saddle-shaped)[image]

3 Types of Arthrokinematic Motion

1.       Roll

2.       Glide or slide

3.       Spin

       Roll

       Glide or slide

Convex-Concave Law

Concave joint surface moves in the same direction as the body segments motion

fist and cuped hand**in class

Congruent

Traction AKA Distraction or tension 

The more movable bone, often referred to as the ____, moves toward the more stable bone, the _____.

1. Insertion

2. Origin

1. Origin

2. Insertion

·         Reversal of muscle action

Muscle Names
Fall into one or more of the following categories

1.       Location

2.       Shape

3.       Action

4.       Number of heads or divisions

5.       Attachments = origin/insertion

6.       Direction of the fibers

7.       Size of the muscle