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Chapters 1-4
Nutrition Vocabulary
64
Biology
Undergraduate 1
10/07/2007

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Term
NUTRITION
Definition
science of foods and the nutrients and other substances they contain, and of their actions within the body.
Term
NUTRIENT
Definition
Chemical substances obtained from food that help body function correctly.
Term
CHEMICAL [BOND] ENERGY
Definition
Energy found in food
Term
INORGANIC
Definition
Not containing carbon. Includes minerals and water.
Term
FUNCTIONAL FOODS
Definition

Provides health benefits beyond nutrient contributions.

Term

PHYTOCHEMICALS

Definition

Nonnutrient compounds found in plant-derived foods that have biological activity in the body.

Term
METABOLISM
Definition
Total chemical reactions in living cells. (Energy Metabolism= all reactions by which the body obtains/expends food energy)
Term
CATABOLIC REACTION
Definition

Chemical reaction that releases energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler ones.

Term
ENERGY DENSITY
Definition
kcal ÷ grams
Term

NUTRITIONAL GENOMICS

Definition

Integration of nutrition, genomics, and molecular biology.

Term
EPIDEMIOLOGY
Definition

Study of distribution and causes of disease. Attempt to link problems to cause.

Term
NUTRIENT DENSITY
Definition

Measure of nutrients food provides relative to energy.

Term
EMPTY-KCALORIE FOODS
Definition
has energy; lacks protein, vitamins, and minerals. Example: soda, potato chips.
Term
DISCRETIONARY CALORIE ALLOWANCE
Definition
Added fats and sugars. Difference between nutrient calories and energy calories.
Term
FORTIFIED
Definition
Added nutrients not originally available or only in small amounts.
Term
ENRICHED
Definition
Addition of iron, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, and folate.
Term
REFINED
Definition

Parts are removed and thus nutrients are lost.

Term
ABSORPTION
Definition
Uptake of nutrients by the cells of the small intestine for transport into blood or lymph system.
Term
PERISTALSIS
Definition

Wavelike contractions that move food through the GI tract.

Includes 3 types of muscle: longitudal, circular, diagonal

Term
SEGMENTATION
Definition
creates larger food surface area by breaking food into smaller pieces via interval squeezing.
Term
GOBLET CELLS
Definition
individual cells that produce mucus.
Term

COLON

Definition

Retrieves material the body can recycle, e.g. water and salts.

Term
CONDENSATION
Definition

Removal of H2O; creates a disaccharide. Also known as dehydration synthesis.

Term

HYDROLYSIS

Definition
Reverse of condensation. Splits into disaccharides into monosaccharides.
Term

DIETARY FIBERS

Definition

Usually polysaccharides; bonds between monosaccharides cannot be broken down by digestive enzymes in the body. Also known as nonstarch polysaccharides.

Term

SOLUBLE FIBERS

Definition
Dissolve in water, form gels (viscous), and easily digested by bacteria in the colon (fermentable).
Term
INSOLUBLE FIBERS
Definition

Do not dissolve in water, do not form gels (nonviscous), and not readily fermentable.

Term
PHYTIC ACID/PHYLATE
Definition
Found with fiber. Bind minerals such as zinc, calcium, iron, magnesium, and copper in intestine and prevents absorption.
Term
GLYCOGENESIS
Definition
making of glucose from non-CHO source.
Term

ORGANIC

Definition

substance containing carbon. Includes carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and vitamins.

Term
ESSENTIAL NUTRIENTS
Definition
Nutrients a person must obtain from food because the body cannot make them for itself in sufficient quantity.
Term

CALORIES

Definition

Units by which energy is measured. Also known as kcalorie.

Term

GENOME

Definition

Full complement of DNA in the chromosomes of a cell.

Term
BLIND EXPERIMENT
Definition
Experiment in which subjects do not know whether they are the experimental or the control group.
Term

PLACEBO EFFECT

Definition
change that occurs in response to expectations in the effectiveness of a treatment that actually has no pharmaceutical effects.
Term

DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES

Definition
Set of nutrient intake values for healthy people in the US and Canada. Includes several planning tools, e.g. EAR, RDA, AI and UL
Term
REGISTERED DIETITIAN
Definition

College-educated food and nutrition specialist who is qualified to evaluate people's nutritional health and needs.

Term
MALNUTRITION
Definition
any condition caused by excess or deficient food energy or nutrient intake; imbalance of nutrients.
Term
UNDERNUTRITION
Definition
deficient energy or nutrients
Term
OVERNUTRITION
Definition
Excess energy or nutrients.
Term
ANTHROPOMETRIC
Definition
relating to measurement of the physical characterisitics of the body, such as height and weight.
Term

PRIMARY DEFICIENCY

Definition

Nutrient deficiency caused by inadequate intake of a nutrient.

Term
SECONDARY DEFICIENCY
Definition
Nutrient deficiency caused by something other than inadequate intake, such as a disease or drug interaction. Reduced absorption, accelerated use, hastened excretion, or destroying of the nutrient.
Term

SUBCLINICAL DEFICIENCY

Definition

Deficiency in the early stages, before outward signs are apparent.

Term
HEALTHY PEOPLE [PROGRAM]
Definition
national public health initiative under the jurisdiction of the US Dept. of Health and Human Services, that identifies the most significant preventable threats to health and focuses efforts toward eliminating them.
Term
CHRONIC DISEASE
Definition

Characterized by slow progression and long duration, e.g. heart disease, cancer.

Term
RISK FACTOR
Definition
condition or behavior associated with an elevated frequency of a disease. Does not necessarily cause the disease and is not a guarantee that you will get the disease.
Term

FOOD GROUP PLANS

Definition

dietary planning tools that sort foods into groups based on nutrients, then specify how much people should eat of these foods.

Term

EXCHANGE LISTS

Definition

Diet-planning tools that organize foods by their proportions of carbs, fats, and proteins. Foods on any single list can be used interchangeably.

Term

DAILY VALUES

Definition
Reference valuesdeveloped by the FDA specifically for use on food labels.
Term
HEALTH CLAIMS
Definition
statements that characterize the relationship between a nutrient or other substance in a food and a disease or health-related condition. Require scientific evidence and are graded by the FDA.
Term
STRUCTURE-FUNCTION CLAIM
Definition

Statements that characterize the relationship between a nutrient or other substance in a food and its role in the body. Do not have to be backed up by scientific evidence and do not need FDA approval.

Term
NUTRITION CLAIM
Definition
statements made that characterize the quantity of a nutrient in a food. 2 types of claims: health and structure-function.
Term
DUODENUM
Definition
the top portion of the small instestine
Term
BOLUS
Definition

the amount swallowed at one time.

Term
MASTICATION
Definition
The act of chewing.
Term
VILLI
Definition
fingerlike projections from the folds of the intestine.
Term
MICROVILLI
Definition
tiny, hairlike projections on each cell of every villus. Traps nutrients and transports them into the cells.
Term
DIFFUSION
Definition
Allows the nutrients to pass into the cell. 3 Types: Simple Diffusion (does not need a protein), Facilitated Diffusion(needs a protein), and Active Transport (needs a protein).
Term
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
Definition
loosely organized system of vessels and ducts that convey fluids toward the heart. Carries the fats and fat-soluble vitamins into the bloodstream.
Term

HOMEOSTASIS

Definition
maintenance of constant internal conditions by the body's control system.
Term
SECRETIN
Definition
hormone produced by cells in the duodenum wall.
Term

DIVERTICULOSIS

Definition
condition in which the intestinal walls develop bulges in weakened areas, most commonly in the colon.
Term
DIVERTICULITIS
Definition

Worsening of constipation, entrapped feces, and painful infection and inflammation caused by diverticula (bulging pockets).

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