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| scientific study of behavior of individuals and their mental processes |
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| answer questions using...? |
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| set of procedures used for gathering and interpreting objective information |
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describe, explain, predict, control
what will happen |
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| empiricist (experiences shape you) |
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| natavist (born with what shapes you) |
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| born with what shapes you |
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| born in germany, "father of psychology" |
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| study sensation and perception using introspection |
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| 1875- who founded the 1st psychology school in Germany |
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| founder of psychology as a discipline |
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| analogy to explain idea of what you gain you reflect outward |
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| wrote principles of physiological psychology |
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| (brother: henry james)was at harvard studying medicine. got interested in free will after trying to control his depression 1875 |
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| stated 1st psychology school in America (harvard) |
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| disliked research and hired wundts students to run the labs |
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| wrote principles of psychology |
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| 1st female to earn a doctorate degree in psychology in 1849 |
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| 1st african american to earn a PhD in psychology in 1920 |
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| contents of the mind and concept of "reductionism" |
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| all human mental experience can be understood as a... |
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| combination of simple elements or events |
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| had the first psychological experimental lab |
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| brought structuralists to america |
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| ______ psychologists illustrate how we perceive separate pieces of information as integrated wholes |
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| minds with a purpose and a property |
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| "the function of mind and behavior in an organisms interactions with the environment " |
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| american functionalism and progressive education |
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| abandoned vote learning in favor of learning by doing |
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| Key Figure: Sigmund Freud |
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| Behavior is explained in terms of inherited instincts, biological drive, and attempts to resolve conflicts |
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| Focus is on the unconscious |
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| past experiences make you who you are today |
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| approach to understanding human nature that emphasizes the positive approach to human behavior |
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| idea that they are clients rather than patients |
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| key figures: john watson, b.f. skinner, 1920s,30s,40s |
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| primarily concerned with observable behavior that can be objectively recorded |
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| good and bad sides of behaviorists perspective |
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good:psychology became a rigorous science
bad: people thought about things that couldnt be observed |
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| belief that you can train anything to do anything with reinforcement (piegon ping pong) |
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| human thought and the process of knowing and thinking |
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| behavior occurs because people think |
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| Noam chomsky "language is not learned by reinforcement" the brain is set up to learn language(brain is like a computer) |
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| focuses on the functioning of the genes, brain, nervous system and endocrine system |
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| behavior is explained in terms of underlying physical structures and biochemical processes |
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| key figure: charles darwin |
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| importance of behavioral and mental adaptiveness |
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| cross cultural differences in the causes and consquences of behavior |
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| sociocultural perspective |
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| if you have to generate and answer you will remember it better rather than passivly listening to lecture |
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| 1.describe what happens a.behavioral data b. objectivety 2.explain 3. predict what will happen 4. control what will happen-prevention an intervention |
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| a set of related statements that are supposed to explain and predict |
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| a specific testable idea to study |
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| statements that exactly describe what it is that we are using in our research study |
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| naturalistic observation, case studies, surveys, experiments |
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| experimenter controls or "manipulates" this, experimenter knows the value of this variable before the experiment starts |
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| want to know how the IV affects it, experimenter does not know the variable and doesnt know the value |
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| receives the experimental treatment |
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| baseline group for compasrison, may receive no treatment or may receive some comparison treatment |
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| other factors that may have caused the difference between the experimental group and control groups |
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| uncontrolled conditions that might affect the experiment |
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| assigning people to experimental or control groups randomly |
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| if you tell people that a treatment will affect them in some way , people will often act in that way even if the treatment really has no effect |
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| sometimes experimentors affect the results of experiments (solution:use double blind experiment design) |
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| a subset of a population that is selected to be studied |
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| the entire set of individuals to which generalizations will be made based on an experimental sample |
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| each member of the population has an equal chance of being selected |
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| identified subgroups in the populatino are represented proportionally in the sample |
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| research methodologies that determine to what extent two variables, traits or attributes are related |
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| DETERMINE OR IMPLY CAUSATION |
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| ethical issues in research |
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| institutional review boards, informed consent, confidentiality, debriefing |
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| study of the cells and prgans of the body and the physical and chemical changes involved in behavior and mental processes |
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| receive stimulation from sensory receptors |
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| cellbody, contains the nucleus |
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| long extended fiber along which the neural impulse travels |
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| bulb-like structures that contain neurotransmitters at the end of the axon |
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| from sense receptors toward the CNS |
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| from CNS toward muscles and glands |
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From sensory neurons to other interneurons or to motor neurons
(in the brain) |
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| cells in addition to the neurons found in the nervous system that hold neurons together and facilitate neural transmission, guide new neurons to appropriate locations in the brain, remove damaged or dead neurons, prevent poisonous substances in the blood from reaching the brain |
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| polarization of cellular fluid within a neuron, which provides the capacity to produce an action potential |
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| size of the action potential is unaffected by increases in the intensity of stimulation beyond the threshold level |
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| a period during which further stimulation can not cause another action potential |
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| gap between one neuron and another |
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| relying of info from one neuron to another across the synaptic gap |
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| chemical messengers of information |
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| synaptic transmission (neurotransmitters) |
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| acetylcholine, GABA (gammma-aminobutyric acid) dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, endorphins |
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| too much dopamine creates |
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| not enough dopamine creates |
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| planning and personality, involved in motor control and cognitive activities such as planning, decision making and goal setting |
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| responsible for sensations of touch, pain and temperature |
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| final destination for visual info |
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| responsible for processes of hearing |
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| pole through frontal lobe |
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| resulting from malfunction with the broca area: problems with grammer errors, understands language but when answering cant make a full sentence, they are able to follow a conversation |
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| good grammar but no content, looks like a normal conversation but it doesnt actually make sense |
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| left hemisphere of the brain is more involved with _____________ |
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| manages communication between the two hemispheres |
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| hemispheric lateralization |
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| some functions are localized to one hemisphere of the brain |
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| speech is localized in the _____ hemisphere of the brain |
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| repetitive transcranial magnet stimulation (rTMS) pulses of magnetic stimulation briefly inactive area of brain for studying |
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