Term
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Definition
| propelled from respiratory tract by coughing, sneezing, or vocalizing |
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Term
| Chickenpox (Varicella) and Shingles (Herpes Zoster) |
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Definition
DNA virus, member of Herpesviridae
humans serve as reservoir and source
acquired by droplet inhalation into respiratory system
chickenpox
results from initial infection
vaccine prevents or shortens illness |
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Term
|
Definition
reactivated form of chickenpox
virus resides in cranial and sensory neurons
reactivation - virus migrates down neuron |
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Term
shingles (herpes zoster)...
treatment |
|
Definition
| supportive; corticosteroids |
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Term
|
Definition
RNA virus; segmented genome
fours groups A, B, C, and Thorgoto
numerous animal reservoirs
acquired by inhalation or ingestion of respiratory secretions |
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Term
| classified into subtypes based on hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA), membrane surface glycoproteins |
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Definition
HA and NA function in viral attachment and virulence
16 HA and 9 NA antigenic forms are known; they recombine to produce HA/NA influenza subtypes |
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Term
|
Definition
| mutations in a strain within a geographic area |
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Term
|
Definition
| due to re-assortment of genomes when two different strains of flu viruses (from humans and animals) infect the same cell and are incorporated into a single new capsid |
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Term
clinical manifestations
of influenza |
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Definition
chills, fever, headache, malaise, and general muscular aches and pains
recovery usually within 3 to 7 days
often leads to secondary infections by bacteria |
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Term
treatment, prevention, and control...
of influenza |
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Definition
rapid immunologic tests
symptomatic/supportive therapy
inactivated virus vaccine |
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Term
|
Definition
rash caused by measles virus (RNA virus)
enters body through respiratory tract |
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Term
| subacute sclerosing panencephalitis |
|
Definition
| rare progressive degeneration of central nervous system caused by measles virus |
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Term
treatment, prevention, and control...
measles |
|
Definition
symptomatic/supportive therapy
attenuated measles vaccine
MMR vaccine (measles, mumps, rubella) |
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Term
|
Definition
| caused by paramyxovirus, RNA virus |
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Term
clinical manifestations of
Mumps |
|
Definition
develop 16–18 days after infection
fever, and swelling and tenderness of salivary glands
complications include meningitis and orchitis (inflammation of testis) |
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|
Term
treatment, prevention, and control of
Mumps… |
|
Definition
symptomatic/supportive therapy
live, attenuated vaccine (MMR) |
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Term
| Respiratory Syndromes and Viral Pneumonia |
|
Definition
| caused by viruses called acute respiratory viruses |
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|
Term
clinical manifestations of
Respiratory Syndromes and Viral Pneumonia |
|
Definition
rhinitis, tonsillitis, laryngitis, bronchitis, and pneumonia
vary in degree of severity |
|
|
Term
treatment, prevention, and control of
Respiratory Syndromes and Viral Pneumonia |
|
Definition
| in most cases, symptomatic/supportive therapy |
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Term
| Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) |
|
Definition
considered to be the most dangerous respiratory infections in young children
RSV is negative strand RNA virus
causes formation of syncytia (fused cells)
spread by hand contact and respiratory secretions |
|
|
Term
clinical manifestations
of RSV Infection |
|
Definition
acute onset of fever, cough, rhinitis, and nasal congestion
often progresses quickly to severe bronchitis and viral pneumonia |
|
|
Term
treatment, prevention, and control of
RSV Infection… |
|
Definition
rapid immunologic tests
inhaled ribavirin and RSV-immune globulin
isolation, protective clothing, and hand washing (virus is readily inactivated by soap and disinfectants) |
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Term
|
Definition
enveloped RNA virus
mild rash of three days acquired from respiratory droplets
congenital rubella syndrome
disastrous disease in the first trimester of pregnancy
can lead to fetal death, premature delivery, or congenital defects
attenuated vaccine reduced cases to 1000 and 10 congenital rubella cases per year |
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|
Term
| Severe acute Respiratory Syndrome |
|
Definition
transmitted by droplet spread
onset of sudden, severe illness in otherwise healthy individual
dry cough develops after a few days and most will develop pneumonia
if not detected early, disease can be fatal
no specific treatment is currently approved |
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Term
|
Definition
variola virus
large, brick-shaped complex virus
linear dsDNA |
|
|
Term
Smallpox (Variola)
transmitted by |
|
Definition
aerosol or contact
humans are the only natural host
once one of the most prevalent of all diseases |
|
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Term
|
Definition
most common and more severe form of disease
extensive rash and higher fever
33% fatality rate |
|
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Term
|
Definition
less common form and less severe
fatality rates of 1% or less |
|
|
Term
| ariola major and Variola minor |
|
Definition
| both forms are usually transmitted by direct and fairly prolonged face-to-face contact but has been reported to be spread through air in enclosed settings |
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Term
|
Definition
viruses transmitted by bloodsucking arthropods from one vertebrate host to another
multiply in tissues of vector without producing disease
vector acquires a lifelong infection |
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Term
|
Definition
inflammation of the brain
fatality rate is usually high
e.g., West nile virus |
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Term
|
Definition
frequently severe and fatal
e.g., Ebola virus and Marburg virus
supportive treatment, no vaccines available |
|
|
Term
| transmission of disease through direct personal contact |
|
Definition
touching, kissing, sexual contact, contact with body fluids, contact with open wounds
many diseases including AIDS |
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Term
| Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) |
|
Definition
| caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV); RNA virus family Retroviridae |
|
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Term
|
Definition
when infected blood, semen, or vaginal secretions come in contact with uninfected person’s broken skin or mucous membranes
Not arthropod borne
Replicates within T cells |
|
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Term
|
Definition
2–8 weeks after infection
most experience brief illness called acute retroviral syndrome
rapid multiplication and dissemination of virus throughout body
stimulation of immune response |
|
|
Term
asymptomatic (latent)
Stages of HIV |
|
Definition
may last from 6 months to 10 or more years
levels of detectable HIV in blood decrease, although viral replication continues
effects on immune functions may occur |
|
|
Term
chronic symptomatic
Stages of HIV |
|
Definition
formerly called AIDS-related complex
can last for months to years
viral replication continues
numbers of CD4 + cells in blood significantly decrease
results in patients developing a variety of illnesses often caused by opportunistic pathogens and AIDS related cancers |
|
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Term
|
Definition
fourth and last stage
immune system no longer able to defend against virus |
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Term
|
Definition
| all HIV-infected individuals who have fewer than 200 CD4+ T cells/microliter of blood or a CD4+ cell percentage of lymphocytes of less than 14 |
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Term
|
Definition
viral isolation and culture
assays for reverse transcriptase activity or viral antigens
most commonly done by detection of specific anti-HIV antibodies in the blood
routine screening tests use ELISA assays which have many false positive results which are retested using Western blot technique
most sensitive test uses polymerase chain reaction |
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Term
|
Definition
no cure for AIDS
treatment directed at reducing viral load, disease symptoms, and treating disease and malignancies
most successful treatment involves a combination of drugs |
|
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Term
|
Definition
nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, e.g., AZT
nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, e.g., delavirdine
protease inhibitors, e.g., indinavir
fusion inhibitors (FIs) – prevent entry of HIV into cells, e.g., enfuvirtide |
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Term
|
Definition
caused by many different rhinoviruses (ssRNA viruses); also by coronaviruses and parainfluenza viruses
seasonal peaks and transmitted by:
excretion of virus in nasal secretion
airborne transmission by droplets
contaminated hands or fomites
symptomatic/supportive therapy |
|
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Term
|
Definition
fever blisters (herpes labialis)
caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1)
dsDNA
Active
Latent |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
usually caused by herpes simplex type 2
linear dsDNA
enveloped virus
very common sexually transmitted disease and to infant during vaginal delivery (congenital or neonatal herpes)
active and latent disease |
|
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Term
|
Definition
congenital (neonatal) herpes
usually HSV-2
one of the most life-threatening of all infections in newborns
~1,500–2,200 babies/year in U.S.
can result in neurologic involvement and blindness
Caesarian section recommended |
|
|
Term
| Mononucleosis (Infectious) |
|
Definition
caused by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)
herpes virus
dsDNA, icosahedral with envelope
infects B cells
also associated with Burkitt’s lymphoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma
spread by mouth-to-mouth contact |
|
|
Term
clinical manifestations of
Mononucleosis… |
|
Definition
enlarged lymph nodes and spleen, sore throat, headache, nausea, general weakness and tiredness, and mild fever
self-limited disease, lasting 1 to 6 weeks |
|
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Term
|
Definition
verrucae - horny projections on skin associated with human papillomaviruses
DNA virus, Papillomaviridae family
more than 100 different strains
infect epithelium and mucus membranes
benign epithelial tumors and cancers |
|
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Term
|
Definition
plantar warts
verrucae vulgaris
flat or plane warts
anogenital condylomata (genital warts) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| physical destruction, topical application of drug podophyllum, or injection of IFN-α |
|
|
Term
| acute viral gastroenteritis |
|
Definition
inflammation of stomach or intestines
important disease of infants and children
leading cause of childhood death in developing countries
probably spread by fecal-oral route |
|
|
Term
Rotavirus, adenovirus, and astrovirus of
Gastroenteritis |
|
Definition
5–10 million deaths/year worldwide
viral diarrhea transmitted by fecal oral route
rotavirus live oral vaccines |
|
|
Term
Norovirus of
Gastroenteritis |
|
Definition
23 million cases of acute gastroenteritis/yr
usually self-limited disease
symptomatic/supportive therapy |
|
|
Term
Zoonotic Diseases
Ebola and Marburg viruses
hantaviruses
Lassa fever virus
Nipah virus |
|
Definition
human viral infections in animal reservoirs before transmission to and between humans
RNA viruses, many are on Select Agents list as potential bioweapons |
|
|
Term
Prion Diseases
Kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jacob (CJD) disease, and variant CJD, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) |
|
Definition
transmissible spongiform encephalopathies
fatal neurogenerative disorders caused by prions
remains clinically silent for months or years
ends in profound disability or death |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
dementia is primary symptom
usually accompanied by motor dysfunction
symptoms appear after prolonged incubation and last from months to years prior to death
produce characteristic spongiform degeneration of brain and deposition of amyloid plaques
share many characteristics with Alzheimer’s disease |
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