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Chapter27
Prokaryotes and the Origins of Metabolic Diversity
50
Biology
12th Grade
02/03/2009

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Term
Cell Shapes of Prokaryotes
Definition
- cocci: spherical
- bacilli: rods
- spirilla, spirochetes: helices
Term

Peptidoglycan

Definition
consists of polymers of modified sugar cross-linked by short polypeptides that vary from species to species (walls of archaea lack this).  This makes up most bacterial walls. eubacteria
Term

 

gram stain

Definition
Used to separate many species into two grps based on differences in their cell wallsstains pink or prple
Term
Gram positive
Definition
Bacteria have simpler walls with relatively large amnt of peptidoglycan
Term
Gram negative
Definition
bacteria have less peptidoglycan and are structurally more complex.  Outer membr has lipopolysaccharides, carbs bonded to lipids
Term
capsule
Definition
protective layer outside wall, sticy substance
enable organisms to adhere to their substratum and provide more protection
Term
pili
Definition
surface appendages
Term
flagella
Definition
motility
not covered by extension of plasma membr (unlike eukaryotes)
Term
spirochetes
Definition
motility
two or more helical filaments just under the outer layer of the cell wall
like prok flagella in strucute
has a basal motor attached at one end of cell
when filaments rotate, moves like corkscrew
Term

slimy threads

Definition
motility
anchor to substratum
glides along growing end of tghreads
Term
taxis
Definition
movement toward or away from a stimulus
(food,toxins,etc.)
chemotaxis (food/oxygen)
positive phototaxis (keeps them in light)
Term
nucleoid region
Definition
DNA is ocncentrated as a snarled fiber here
='s the prok chromosome, one dble stranded DNA molec in the form of a ring
little protein
Term
binary fission
Definition

Prokaryotes reproduce asexually
a mode of cell division, which sythesizes DnA almost continuously

Term
transformation
Definition
a prokaryotic cell takes up genes from the surrounding environment, allwoing for considerable genetic transfer between prokaryotes, even across species lines
Term
conjugation
Definition
the direct transfer of of genes from one prokaryotes to another
Term
transduction
Definition
viruses transfer genes betwen prokaryotes
Term
Photoautotroph
Definition
Energy Sourc: Light
Carbon Source: CO2
Types of Organisms: Photosynthetic prkaryotes, including cyanobacteria plants, certain protists (algae)
Term
Chemoautotroph
Definition

Energy Source: Inorganic chemicals

Carbon Source: CO2

Types of Organisms: Certain prokaryotes (Sulfolobus)

Term
Photoheterotroph
Definition

Energy Source: Light

Carbon Source: Organic compounds

Types of organisms: certain prokaryotes

Term
Chemoheterotroph
Definition

Energy Source: Organic compounds

Carbon source: Organic compounds

Types of Organisms: Many prokaryotes and protists, fungi, animals, some parasitic plants

Term
saprobes
Definition

chemoheterotrophs

decomposers that absorb their nutrients from dead organic matter

Term
parasites
Definition

chemoheterotrophs

absorb their nutrients from the body fluids of living hosts

Term
Metabolism of Petroleum
Definition
bacteria breaks it down
Term
nitrogen fixation
Definition
prokaryotes convert atmospheric nitrogen(N2) to ammonium
Term
Obligate aerobes
Definition
Use O2 for cellular repiration and cnt grow w/o it
Term
Falculative anerobes
Definition
use O2 if it is present but can also grow by fermentation in an anerobic environ
Term
Obligate anaerobes
Definition
are poisoned by O2, some live exclusively by fermentation
Term
Anaerobic respiraton
Definition
organic molecules other than O2 accept electons at the downhill end of election transport chains
Term
cyanobacteria
Definition
The only autotrophic prokaryotes that release O2 by splitting water during their light reactions
Does ocygenic photosynthesis: requires two coouperative photosystems
Term
signature sequences
Definition
regopms pf ots SSU-rRNA that have unique nucleotide sequences acquired by an accumulation of mutations in the ancestor of that taxonomic group
Term

extremophiles

Definition

lovers of extreme environments
1. methanogens: obtain energy using CO2 to oxidize H2, producing methane, poisoned by oxygen, live in swamps, decomposer for sewage trtment

2. extreme halophiles: live in saline plae like Dead Sea, they form a purple red scum that owes its color to bacteriorhodospin

3. extreme thermophiles: thrive in hot environments (Yellowstone National Park's hot sulfur springs)

Term
Euryarchaeota
Definition
all methanogens and halophiles adn some thermophiles fit here
Term
Crenarchaeota
Definition
most thermophilic species fit here
Term
Decomposers
Definition

feed on dead things

absorb nutrients form nonliving organic materical such as corpses, fallen plant material, and waste of living organisms, and convert them into inorganic forms

Prokaryotes are the only organisms able to metabolize inorganic molecules contains element such as iron, etc.

Term
Symbiosis
Definition
ecological relationships between organisms of diff species that are in direct contact
Term
host
Definition

the larger organism of the symbiotic organisms

Term
mutualsim
Definition
both symbiotic organisms benefit
Term
commensalism
Definition
one organism receives benefits while neither harming nor helping the other in any significant way
Term
parasitism
Definition
the parasite benefits at the expense of the ost
Term
Pathogenic
Definition
a parasite must invade the host, resist internal defenses long enough to begin growing, then harm the host in some way. cause several human diseases
Term
opportunistic
Definition

pathogens that are normal residents of a host but can cause illness when the host's defenses are weakened by such factors as poor nutrition or a recent bout with the flu

Term
Koch's postulates
Definition

four criteria

to establsh that a pathogen causes a disease

1. find the same pathogen in each diseased indiv investigated

2. isolate the pathogen from a diseased subject and grow the microbe in a pure culture

3. induce the disease in experimental animals by transgerring the pathogen from the culture

4. isolate the same pathogen from the experimental animals after the disease develops

Term
Exotoxins
Definition

proteins secreted by prokaryotes

can produce disease symptoms even w/ the prokaryotes being present (ex. botulism toxins)

Term
endotoxins
Definition

components of the outermembranes of certain gram neg bacteria

ex. almost all members of the genus Salmonella

Term
Bioremediations
Definition

use of organisms to remove pollutants from water, air, and soil.

Ex. The use of prokaryotic decomposer to treat our sewage

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