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| package of nucleic acid wrapped in a protein coat that must use a host cell's machinery to reproduce itself |
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| virus that infects bacteria |
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| Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) |
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| molecule responsible for inheritance; nucleic acid that conatins the sugar |
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| building block (monomer) of nucleic acid polymers |
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| single or double ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms with attached functional groups, found in nucleic acids |
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| single-ring nitrogenous base |
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| double-ring nitrogenous base |
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| two strands of nucleotides would about each other; structure of DNA |
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| process of copying DNA molecules |
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enzyme that makes the covalent bonds
between the nucleotides |
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| nucleic acid containing the sugar ribose |
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| process by which a DNA template is used to produce a single-stranded RNA molecule |
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| process by which a sequence of nucleic acids in RNA is used to direct the production of a chain of specific amino acids |
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| in RNA, a three-base "word" that codes for one amino acid |
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| RNA molecule transcribed from a DNA template |
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| transcription enzyme that links RNA nucleotides together |
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| internal non-coding region in RNA transcript |
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| coding region in RNA transcript |
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| process by which the introns are removed from RNA transcripts and the remaining exons are joined together |
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| RNA that translates the three-letter codons of mRNA to amino acids |
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| in tRNA, a triplet of nitrogenous bases that is complementary to a specific codon in mRNA |
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| RNA component of ribosome's |
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| any change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA |
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| physical or chemical agent that causes mutations |
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| DNA identified as chemicals in the nucleus of cells over 100 years ago, but scientist did not know how DNA played a role in _____ |
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| DNA identified as___ __ __ ___of cells over 100 years ago, but scientist did not know how DNA played a role in heredity |
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| 1928, British Biologist, studied the way in which certain types of bacteria cause the disease pneumonia |
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| Frederick Griffith used 2 slightly different strains(types) of ________ bacteria |
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| one pneumonia strand is _____ to mice and the other is harmless |
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| Fredrick Griffith hypothesized: live harmless bacteria and _______ when mixed together; a factor was transferred from the heat killed cells to the live cells. |
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| Fredrick Griffith hypothesized: __________ and heat killed bacteria when mixed together; a factor was transferred from the heat killed cells to the live cells. |
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| one strand of bacteria had been transformed into another. Griffith called this process _____ |
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| process by which genetic material absorbed from the environment is added to or replaces part of a bacterium's DNA |
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| All descendants of transformed bacteria inherited the ___ trait |
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| Griffith knew something was____ or changed but did not know what was affected |
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| _____, _____, ____ repeated Griffith's work to find out which molecules were responsible for transformation |
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| Oswald Avery, Maclyn McCarty, Colin Macleod |
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| Oswald Avery, Maclyn McCarty, Colin Macleod made an ____ (juice) from the heat killed bacteria |
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| Oswald Avery, Maclyn McCarty, Colin Macleod treated the extract with enzymes that destroyed ______, _____, and _____; transformation still occurred |
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Definition
| lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates |
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| Oswald Avery, Maclyn McCarty, Colin Macleod treated the extract with enzymes that destroyed lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates; transformation still occurred. repeated experiment using enzymes that breakdown ___; transformation still occurred. |
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| repeated experiment using enzymes that break down ___; no transformation |
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| Oswald Avery, Maclyn McCarty, Colin Macleod identified DNA as the ________ factor |
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| DNA is the ___ ___ that stores and transmits the genetic information from one generation of organisms to the next |
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| ___ is the nucleic acid that stores and transmits the genetic information from one generation of organisms to the next |
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| DNA is the nucleic acid that stores and transmits the ____ ____ from one generation of organisms to the next |
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| DNA carries the _____ code |
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| ______ and _____ were interested in kinds of viruses that infected bacteria |
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| Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase |
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| a virus is a package of _____ acid wrapped in a ____ coat |
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| a virus is has genetic _____ |
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| viruses exist inside ____ cells |
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| Viruses inject ____ material into cells (infection cycle) |
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| a virus cannot ____ on its own, it requires a host (living cycle) |
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| a virus is an obligate ____ |
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| viruses can infect all ____ |
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| for every bacteria (more bacteria on this planet than all other organisms put together) there are __ different viruses |
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| a virus that infects bacteria |
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| Bacteriophages are composed of a ___ core and a ___ coat (capisid) |
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| bacteriophages attach themselves to the surface of a ______ and inject ____ material into the bacterium |
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| bacteriophage's injected materials contains genetic code of bacteriophages and begins to ______ |
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| bacteriophage's injected materials contains ____ ___ of bacteriophages and begins to reproduce |
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| A_____ is a change in a single base pair of DNA. |
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| Broken chromosomes are one cause of ____________. |
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1) High energy radiation (x-rays, ultra violet light)
2) Some viruses
3) High temperature
4) Certain chemicals
5) Environmental pollutants |
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| _____happens when homologous chromosomes fail to separate properly. |
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| A _______ is any agent that can cause a change in DNA. |
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| What would happen to the mRNA strand if an incorrect amino acid was inserted? |
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| Name the generic material found in every cell in your body |
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| What is another name for a group of bases along a DNA molecule? |
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| Where are the chromosomes found in cell? |
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Definition
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| What are the chemicals that form the rungs on the DNA molecule ladder? |
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| Adenine, Thymine, cytosine, guanize(Nitrogen Bases), purines, pyramadines |
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| How can you see the parts of cells? |
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Definition
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| What are the substance represents by the letters A and G called? |
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| What are the substance represents by the letters C and T called? |
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| When does DNA replication occur? |
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Definition
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| Explain why it is important for DNA to copy itself |
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Definition
| Form Tetrads, growth and repair |
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| Describe how the nucleotides pair up when DNA copies itself? |
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Definition
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| How many type of nitrogen bases does DNA have? |
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| Cytosine, guamine, adenine, thymine |
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| What are the sides of the DNA ladder made of? |
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Definition
| Phosphate, covalent bonds, Deoxyribose |
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| What are the steps of the DNA ladder made of? |
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Definition
| Nucleotides/Nitrogen bases |
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| What kinds of bonds hold the chains of building block together? |
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