Term
| Overnutrition vs. malnutrition vs. undernutrition |
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Definition
Malnutrition is the condition of not getting enough or getting too much of a nutrient or nutrients. It’s the largest contributor to disease across the globe
Overnutrition is the form of malnutrition that happens when you take in more of a nutrient or nutrients than you need every day.
Undernutrition of micronutrients: This occurs when your diet is out of balance, and it can happen whether or not you’re getting enough calories. |
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Term
| Industrialized agriculture/high input agriculture |
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Definition
| industrialized (high input) agriculture. uses heavy equipment and large amounts of financial capital, fossil fuel, water, commercial fertilizers, and pesticides to produce single crops, or monocultures |
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Term
| Traditional subsistence agriculture |
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Definition
| Subsistence farming, form of farming in which nearly all of the crops or livestock raised are used to maintain the farmer and the farmer's family, leaving little, if any, surplus for sale or trade. |
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Term
| Monoculture vs. Polyculture |
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Definition
Monoculture is the production of a single crop
Polyculture is the production of multiple crops at the same farm. |
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Term
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Definition
| Organic agriculture can be defined as "an integrated farming system that strives for sustainability, the enhancement of soil fertility and biological diversity while, with rare exceptions, prohibiting synthetic pesticides, antibiotics, synthetic fertilizers, genetically modified organisms, and growth hormones". |
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Term
| Green revolution (first and second) |
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Definition
1) Use of the latest technological and capital inputs,
2) adoption of modern scientific methods of farming, |
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Term
| Genetically modified organisms (crops and food) |
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Definition
| Genetically modified foods, also known as genetically engineered foods, or bioengineered foods are foods produced from organisms that have had changes introduced into their DNA using the methods of genetic engineering. |
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Term
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Definition
| Aquaculture, also known as aquafarming, is the farming of fish, crustaceans, mollusks, aquatic plants, algae, and other organisms. |
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Term
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Definition
| A CAFO is a specific type of large-scale industrial agricultural facility that raises animals, usually at. high-density, for the consumption of meat, eggs, or milk. |
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Term
| First & Second generation pesticides |
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Definition
| The first-generation pesticides, which were used prior to 1940, consisted of compounds such as arsenic, mercury, and lead. These were soon abandoned because they were highly toxic and ineffective. The second-generation pesticides were composed of synthetic organic compounds. |
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Term
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Definition
| Persistence. The RUI is a zone of intermingling land-uses, characterized by an. irregular transition from farm to non-farmland. |
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Term
| I.P.M. - Integrated Pest Management |
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Definition
| Integrated pest management, also known as integrated pest control is a broad-based approach that integrates practices for economic control of pests. |
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Term
| Soil conservation strategies |
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Definition
| Organic or ecological growing involves minimizing or eliminating the use of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides, and nurturing rich, long term balanced soil fertility through techniques such as crop rotation, conservation tillage and adding compost and manure to the soil. |
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Term
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Definition
| These include climate and weather risks, natural catastrophes pest and diseases, which cause highly variable production outcomes. Production risks are exacerbated by price risks, credit risks, technological risks and institutional risks. |
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Term
| Bacterial, Viral and Parasitic Pathogens |
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Definition
A parasitic relationship is one in which one organism, the parasite, lives off of another organism, the host, harming it and possibly causing death. The parasite lives on or in the body of the host. A few examples of parasites are tapeworms, fleas, and barnacles.
Bacteria and viruses can live outside of the human body (for instance, on a countertop) sometimes for many hours or days (covid, bacteria-coccus,bacillus,spirillum) |
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Term
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Definition
| A carcinogen is any substance, radionuclide, or radiation that promotes carcinogenesis, the formation of cancer. This may be due to the ability to damage the genome or to the disruption of cellular metabolic processes. |
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Term
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Definition
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an agent or factor which causes malformation of an embryo.
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Term
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Definition
| In genetics, a mutagen is a physical or chemical agent that permanently changes genetic material, usually DNA, in an organism and thus increases the frequency of mutations above the natural background level. |
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Term
| PCBs (Polychlorinated Biphenyls) |
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Definition
| PCBs, or polychlorinated biphenyls, are highly toxic industrial compounds. They pose serious health risks to fetuses, babies and children, who may suffer developmental and neurological problems from prolonged or repeated exposure to small amounts of PCBs. These chemicals are harmful to adults as well. |
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Term
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Definition
| Bisphenol A (BPA) is a chemical used to make polycarbonate plastic. Polycarbonate plastic is used to make hard plastic items, such as baby bottles, re-useable water bottles, food containers, pitchers, tableware and other storage containers. |
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Term
| Endocrine disruptors (and mimics) |
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Definition
| When absorbed in the body, an endocrine disruptor can decrease or increase normal hormone levels (left), mimicthe body's natural hormones (middle), or alter the natural production of hormones (right). |
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Term
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Definition
| Toxicology is traditionally defined as "the science of poisons." Over time, our understanding of how various agents can cause harm to humans and other organisms has increased |
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Term
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Definition
| The dose–response relationship, or exposure–response relationship, describes the magnitude of the response of an organism, as a function of exposure to a stimulus or stressor after a certain exposure time. Dose–response relationships can be described by dose–response curves. |
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Term
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Definition
| The precautionary principle is a broad epistemological, philosophical and legal approach to innovations with potential for causing harm when extensive scientific knowledge on the matter is lacking. It emphasizes caution, pausing and review before leaping into new innovations that may prove disastrous. |
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