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Chapter vocab apes
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24
Environmental Studies
12th Grade
04/29/2021

Additional Environmental Studies Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Overnutrition vs. malnutrition vs. undernutrition
Definition
Malnutrition is the condition of not getting enough or getting too much of a nutrient or nutrients. It’s the largest contributor to disease across the globe

Overnutrition is the form of malnutrition that happens when you take in more of a nutrient or nutrients than you need every day. 

Undernutrition of micronutrients:  This occurs when your diet is out of balance, and it can happen whether or not you’re getting enough calories.
Term
Industrialized agriculture/high input agriculture
Definition
industrialized (high inputagriculture. uses heavy equipment and large amounts of financial capital, fossil fuel, water, commercial fertilizers, and pesticides to produce single crops, or monocultures
Term
Traditional subsistence agriculture
Definition
Subsistence farming, form of farming in which nearly all of the crops or livestock raised are used to maintain the farmer and the farmer's family, leaving little, if any, surplus for sale or trade.
Term
Monoculture vs. Polyculture
Definition

Monoculture is the production of a single crop

Polyculture is the production of multiple crops at the same farm. 

Term
Organic agriculture
Definition
Organic agriculture can be defined as "an integrated farming system that strives for sustainability, the enhancement of soil fertility and biological diversity while, with rare exceptions, prohibiting synthetic pesticides, antibiotics, synthetic fertilizers, genetically modified organisms, and growth hormones".
Term
Green revolution (first and second)
Definition

1) Use of the latest technological and capital inputs,

 2) adoption of modern scientific methods of farming,

Term
Genetically modified organisms (crops and food)
Definition
Genetically modified foods, also known as genetically engineered foods, or bioengineered foods are foods produced from organisms that have had changes introduced into their DNA using the methods of genetic engineering. 
Term
Aquaculture/fish farming
Definition
Aquaculture, also known as aquafarming, is the farming of fish, crustaceans, mollusks, aquatic plants, algae, and other organisms.
Term
C.A.F.O.
Definition
CAFO is a specific type of large-scale industrial agricultural facility that raises animals, usually at. high-density, for the consumption of meat, eggs, or milk.
Term
First & Second generation pesticides
Definition
The first-generation pesticides, which were used prior to 1940, consisted of compounds such as arsenic, mercury, and lead. These were soon abandoned because they were highly toxic and ineffective. The second-generation pesticides were composed of synthetic organic compounds.
Term
Persistence
Definition
Persistence. The RUI is a zone of intermingling land-uses, characterized by an. irregular transition from farm to non-farmland.
Term
I.P.M. - Integrated Pest Management
Definition
Integrated pest management, also known as integrated pest control is a broad-based approach that integrates practices for economic control of pests. 
Term
Soil conservation strategies
Definition
Organic or ecological growing involves minimizing or eliminating the use of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides, and nurturing rich, long term balanced soil fertility through techniques such as crop rotation, conservation tillage and adding compost and manure to the soil.
Term
Risk Analysis
Definition
These include climate and weather risks, natural catastrophes pest and diseases, which cause highly variable production outcomes. Production risks are exacerbated by price risks, credit risks, technological risks and institutional risks.
Term
Bacterial, Viral and Parasitic Pathogens
Definition

A parasitic relationship is one in which one organism, the parasite, lives off of another organism, the host, harming it and possibly causing death. The parasite lives on or in the body of the host. A few examples of parasites are tapewormsfleas, and barnacles.

Bacteria and viruses can live outside of the human body (for instance, on a countertop) sometimes for many hours or days (covid, bacteria-coccus,bacillus,spirillum)

Term
Carcinogen
Definition
A carcinogen is any substance, radionuclide, or radiation that promotes carcinogenesis, the formation of cancer. This may be due to the ability to damage the genome or to the disruption of cellular metabolic processes. 
Term
Teratogen
Definition
  1. an agent or factor which causes malformation of an embryo.
Term
Mutagen
Definition
In genetics, a mutagen is a physical or chemical agent that permanently changes genetic material, usually DNA, in an organism and thus increases the frequency of mutations above the natural background level.
Term
PCBs (Polychlorinated Biphenyls)
Definition
PCBs, or polychlorinated biphenyls, are highly toxic industrial compounds. They pose serious health risks to fetuses, babies and children, who may suffer developmental and neurological problems from prolonged or repeated exposure to small amounts of PCBsThese chemicals are harmful to adults as well.
Term
BPA (Bisphenol A)
Definition
Bisphenol A (BPA) is a chemical used to make polycarbonate plastic. Polycarbonate plastic is used to make hard plastic items, such as baby bottles, re-useable water bottles, food containers, pitchers, tableware and other storage containers.
Term
Endocrine disruptors (and mimics)
Definition
When absorbed in the body, an endocrine disruptor can decrease or increase normal hormone levels (left), mimicthe body's natural hormones (middle), or alter the natural production of hormones (right).
Term
Toxixity
Definition
Toxicology is traditionally defined as "the science of poisons." Over time, our understanding of how various agents can cause harm to humans and other organisms has increased
Term
Dose-Response Curve
Definition
The dose–response relationship, or exposure–response relationship, describes the magnitude of the response of an organism, as a function of exposure to a stimulus or stressor after a certain exposure time. Dose–response relationships can be described by dose–response curves.
Term
Precautionary Principle
Definition
The precautionary principle is a broad epistemological, philosophical and legal approach to innovations with potential for causing harm when extensive scientific knowledge on the matter is lacking. It emphasizes caution, pausing and review before leaping into new innovations that may prove disastrous.
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