Term
| Name four important points in studying Human development? |
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Definition
1. The study of people is not dry and abstract. It deals with the substance of real life.
2. The cross-cultural study can reveal what behaviors and norms are universal and which ones are not.
3. Theory and research or two sides of the same coin. Comes up with explanations (hypothesizes) to later be tested by research (made into a theory)
4. Also the study of human development is studied by human beings and is affected by their own development. |
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Term
| Name the 3 basic Theoretical Issues? |
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Definition
1. BT Issue 1: Which is more important—Heredity or Environment?
2. BT Issue 2: Is Development active or Passive?
3. BT Issue 3: Is development continuous or does it occur in stages? |
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Term
| What is the Emerging Consensus of the three issues? |
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Definition
. The agreement how now come to be that development is “bidirectional” and that “children change their world while it changes them.
- Ex. A cheerful baby girl is born, and her cheerfulness affects the way that her parents and other adults interact with her. She is treated in a kind manner and is loved, her cheerfulness promoted an increase in the kindness of her handlings, and the kindness of her handling had a hand in the further development and establishment of her cheerful disposition. Her smile is rewarded with kindness and this “positive reinforment” will encourage her to continue the habit. |
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Term
| Name the 5 Broad, Theoretical Perspectives? |
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Definition
1. Psychoanalytic (which focuses on the unconscious emotions and drives)
2. Learning (which studies observable behavior)
3. Cognitive (which analyzed through thought process)
4. Evolutionary/sociobiological (which emphasizes the impact of the historical, social, and cultural context.)
5. Contextual (which emphasizes the impact of the historical, social, and cultural context.) |
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Term
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Definition
| (Theory: coherent set of logically related concepts that seeks to organize, explain, and predict data.) |
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Term
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Definition
(Hypothesis: possible explanations for phenomenon, used to predict the outcome of research.)
Each theorist way of explaining a development will depend on how they view three things: nature nurture, active/passive development, continuous/stages development. |
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Term
| In Active and Passive Development debate what are the two major models and who formed them? |
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Definition
1. Mechanistic model
• People are like machines that “respond to environmental input” and if we know enough about the person we can predict what they are going to do. Identify and isolate the factors that make people act the way that they do.
(Mechanistic Model: model that views development as a passive, predictable response to stimuli.)
2. Organismic Model
• People are active growing organisms that set their own development into motion. They initiate events and do not simply react. When studying why people do what they do a researcher would study their choices and not necessarily their actions.
(Organismic Model: Model that views development as internally initiated by an active organism, and as occurring in a sequence of qualitatively different stages.) |
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Term
| Define The perspective Psychoanalytic? |
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Definition
| (Psychoanalytic Perspective: View of development as shaped by unconscious forces that motivate our behavior.) |
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Term
| Name the two studies that came out of psychoanalytic and who created them? |
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Definition
1. Psychosexual by Freud
2. Psychosocial by Erikson |
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Term
| Name the components of Freud's theory? |
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Definition
• Freud labeled the first 3 stages of life as crucial.
1. Oral Stage (feeding is the main source of sensual pleasure)
2. Anal Stage (chief source of pleasure is moving bowels)
3. Phallic Stage (sexual attachment is formed between son and mother and daughter and father. And are aggressive of the same sex parent because they feel competition.)
4. Then latency stage (middle childhood, a period of sexual calm, they learn about themselves and society during this time)
5. And Genital stage (repressed sexual urges can now be practiced within socially accepted channels)
• Freud’s three hypothetical parts of the personality
1. The id (operates under pleasure principle)
2. The ego (operates under the reason principle)
3. The super ego (operates under higher principle)
^^^Ego operates as a mediator between the two. |
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Term
| Name the components of Erikson's theory? |
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Definition
- He had eight stages that went through out life—
1. Basic trust vs. mistrust (birth to 1 ½ ) baby discovers whether the world is good. Virtue: hope.
2. Autonomy vs. shame and doubt (1 to 3 yrs.) balance of independence and doubt. Virtue: will.
3. Initiative vs. guilt (3 to 6 yrs.) gets initiative when trying new things, and does not feel guilt. Virtue: purpose.
4. Industry vs. Inferiority (6 to puberty) learn skills or feel incompetent. Virtue: skill.
5. Identity vs. Confusion (puberty to adulthood) determine sense of self or be confused about goals. Virtue: fidelity.
6. Intimacy vs. isolation (young adult) make commitments to other and if fails may feel isolated. Virtue: love.
7. Generatively vs. stagnation (middle adulthood) concerned about guiding the next population or feels personally impoverished. Virtue: care.
8. Ego vs. integrity (late adulthood) elderly person accepts life or despairs over life. Virtue: wisdom. |
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Term
| Define the perspective "Learning?" |
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Definition
| view of development that holds that changes in behavior result from experience or adaptation to environment. |
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Term
| Name the two important theories that came from the "learning perspective." |
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Definition
1. Behaviorism
2. Social Learning Theory |
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Term
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Definition
| (Behaviorism: the learning theory that emphasizes the predictable role of environment in causing observable behavior) |
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Term
| Define Social Learning Theory? |
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Definition
| the theory that behaviors are learned by observing and imitating. |
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Term
| name the components of Behaviorism? |
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Definition
1. associative learning.
- through classical conditioning and operant conditioning.
----and within the operant conditioning the tools of "reinforcement" and "punishment" |
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Term
| Name the components of Social learning? |
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Definition
| Observational learning or "modeling." |
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Term
| define classical conditioning? |
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Definition
| (Classical Conditioning: learning based on association of a stimulus that does not ordinarily elicit a response with another stimulus that does elicit the response.) |
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Term
| define operant conditioning? |
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Definition
| (Operant Conditioning: Learning based on reinforcement.) |
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Term
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Definition
(Reinforcement: in operant conditioning, a stimulus that encourages repetition of a desired behavior.) It is a consequence of behavior.
there are both negative and positive. |
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Term
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Definition
| (Punishment: in operant conditioning, a stimulus that discourages repetition of a behavior.) Consequence of behavior. |
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Term
| Define observational learning? |
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Definition
| (Observational Learning: learning through watching the behavior of others.) |
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Term
| Define the Cognitive Perspective? |
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Definition
| the view that thought processes are central to development. |
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Term
| Name the theory that comes form this perspective? |
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Definition
- Jean Piaget’s theory
• Observation with clinical questioning. Emphasizes mental processing.
• Sensorlmotor: birth to 2
• Preoperational (2 to 7 years)
• Concrete operations (7 to 11 yrs.)
• Formal operations (11 to adulthood) |
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Term
| Define Jean's term Organizations? |
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Definition
| (Organization: his term for integration of knowledge into systems) |
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Term
| Define Jean's term of schemes? |
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Definition
| (Schemes: his term for organizing patterns of behavior used in different situations) |
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Term
| Define Jean's term Adaptation and the two ways this is done? |
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Definition
(Adaptation: his term for adjustment to new information about an environment.)
1. (Assimilation: his term for incorporation of new information into an existing cognitive structure.)
2. (Accomodation: his term for changes in the cognitive structure to include new information.) |
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Term
| define his term Equilibration? |
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Definition
| (Equilibration: our tendency to seek a stable balance among cognitive elements, between assimilation and accomodation.) |
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Term
| Name the two "approaches form this perspective? |
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Definition
1. Information-based processing approach.
2. The cognitive neuroscience apprach. |
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Term
| Define the Information processing approach? |
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Definition
| It is the approach to the study of cognitive development by observing and analyzing the central processes involved in perceiving and handling information. |
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Term
| Define the Cognitive neuroscience approach and its secondary component? |
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Definition
CNA is is the approach to the study of cognitive development that links brain processes with cognitive ones.
and Social cognitive neruro science is an emerging interdisciplinary field that draws on CN, information processing, and social psych. |
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Term
| Define the Evolutionary/Sociobiological perspective? |
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Definition
| it is the view of development that focuses on biological bases of social behavior. |
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Term
| Within this perspective, define the term ethology? |
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Definition
| the study of distinctive, adaptive behaviors of species of animals that have evolved to increase survival of species. |
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Term
| Within this perspective, define the term sociobiological perspective? |
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Definition
| the view of development that focuses on biology bases of social behavior. |
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Term
| Within this perspective, define the term evolutionary psychology? |
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Definition
| application of Darwin's principles of natural selection and survival of the fittest to individual behavior. |
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Term
| Define the 5th Perspective: Contextual? |
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Definition
| view of development that see the individual as inseparable from the social context. |
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Term
| Name the theory that is attached to their perspective? |
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Definition
| The biocological theory? By Urie Bronfenbrenner. |
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Term
| define the bioecological theory? |
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Definition
| B's appraoch to understandin processes and contexts of development. The complex that forms a person gets more and more complex and we must study the context in order to understand the person. |
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Term
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Definition
| a setting in which a child interacts wiht others on a face to face everyday basis. |
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Term
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Definition
| a term for the linkage between two or more microsystems. |
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Term
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Definition
| a term for the linkage between two or more settings, one of which the child is not involved. |
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Term
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Definition
| term for societies overall cultural patterns. |
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Term
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Definition
| effects of time on other developmental systems. |
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Term
| Name the other theory that came form perspective 5? |
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Definition
Lev Vygotsky's Socialcultural Theory.
--The theory of how contextual factors affect children's development.
Growth a collbrative process. |
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Term
| define zone of proximal development? ZPD? |
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Definition
| the difference between what a child can do alone and what a child needs help with. |
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Term
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Definition
| temporary support to help a child master a task? |
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Term
| research methods...what's quantitative research? |
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Definition
| research that focuses on hard data and numerical or statistical measures. |
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Term
| what is qualitative research? |
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Definition
| research that focuses on soft data such as subjective experiences, feelings, or beliefs. |
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Term
| What is scientific method? and what is its steps? |
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Definition
the system of established principles and processes of scietific inquiry.
1. identify a problem
2. formulate a hypothesis
3. collet data
4. analyze data
5. disseminate the findings |
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Term
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Definition
| a group of participants chosen to represent the entire population under study. |
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Term
| what are operational defintions? |
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Definition
| definitions stated solely in terms of the operatins or procedures used to produce or measure a phenominon. |
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Term
| Name two types of observations? |
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Definition
naturalistic: behavior is studied in natural settings without intervention
laboratory: observed under controlled environments. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| define a ethnographic study? |
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Definition
| in depth study of a culture. |
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Term
| define correlational study? |
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Definition
| research in order to find is a statistical relationship exists between two varibles. |
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Term
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Definition
| a controlled, repeatible prochedure in which you manipULATES vairibles to asses the effect. |
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Term
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Definition
| the group receiving the treatment under study. |
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Term
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Definition
| in the same study do not recieve the treatment but as still examined to see their results. |
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Term
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Definition
| in the experiemnt, the condition over whihc the experimentor has direct control. |
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Term
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Definition
| the condition that may or may not change when you change the independent varible. |
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Term
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Definition
| study designed to assess changes over time. |
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Term
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Definition
| a study were people of differing ages are assesses on one occasion. |
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Term
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Definition
| the study that uses for corss-sectional and longitudinal techniques. |
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Term
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Definition
| study by directly observing change by repeated testing over a short time. |
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Term
| with ethics get their concent, do not decieve them, let them know they can leave the study at anytime and keep it confidential. |
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Definition
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