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| the most basic unit of life that can function independently and preform all necessary functions of life. |
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| all cells come from preexisting cells; and living organisms are made up of cells |
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| surrounds the cells; found in all cells |
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| little granular bodies there proteins are made; thousands of them are scattered throughout the cytoplasm. |
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| hair-like projections that help cells attach to other surfaces |
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| whip like projections that aids in cellular movement |
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| membrane enclosed organelle that contains DNA. Found in eukaryotic cells |
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| describes how eukaryotic cells may have come to be so complex. States that a eukaryotic cell engulfs a prokaryotic cell and that prokaryote becomes a mitochondria or a chloroplast. |
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| organelle in which photosynthesis occurs in plant cells |
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| “power house” of cell. Converts the energy from food into usable energy for the cell. Found in both cells. Many in muscle and liver cells. |
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| theory that states the nucleus folded in on itself to create the inner compartments of a cell, which became modified and specialized. |
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| forms a bilayer that makes up the cell membrane. Consists of a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail. |
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| allows cell membrane to carry out its gate keeping functions. Ratio 100:1. Penetrate right through the lipid bilayer from one side to another. |
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| found on either side of the membrane. |
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| bind to external chemicals in order to regulate processes with in the cell |
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| give each cell a ‘finger print’ allowing it to be distinguished by the immune system as a body cell and not a foreign cell. |
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| provides a passageway for molecules to travel into and out of the cell membrane. |
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| accelerate chemical reactions on the plasma membrane |
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| the movement of things without energy (diffusion) |
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| moving from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration |
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| molecules pass directly through a plasma membrane without assistance |
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| molecules move across membrane with the help of a carrier cell |
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| the passive diffusion of water across a membrane in order to equalize a concentration |
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| solute concentrations are higher in the extracellular fluid. Water diffuses out of the cell. |
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| solute concentration is lower in the extra cellular fluid. Water diffuses into cell. |
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| - solute concentrations are balanced. Movement is balanced. |
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| transport needing energy. When things are being moved against concentration gradient, or when the molecules being moved are very large |
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| when active transport uses energy directly from ATP to fuel movement |
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| secondary active transport |
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| transports proteins simultaneously, moving one molecule against its concentration while letting another flow down its concentration gradient. |
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| when cells engulf huge molecules with their plasma membrane. |
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| cells manufacture molecules for use elsewhere in the body and they are removed from the cell using this method. |
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| the process by witch relatively large particles are engulfed by cells |
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| - type of endocytosis; process where cells take in dissolved particles and liquids. Similar to phagocytosis but with smaller molecules |
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| receptor-mediated endocytosis |
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| specific; receptor molecules sit on top of a cell and wait for a specific type of molecule that they recognize to bump into them. Very important for cholesterol |
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| connections between cells that form continuous watertight seals around cells that and also anchor them in place. |
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| pores surrounded by special proteins that form open channels between two cells. They function like secret passageways. |
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| fastens cells together like Velcro. Not water tight. |
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| cells generally stop dividing when bumped up against other cells. Cancerous cells don’t stop growing. |
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| microscopic tube like channels connecting cells to each other. Enabling communication and transport between them |
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| bilayer membrane that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm. Its perforated enabling transportation. |
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| mass of long thin fibers consisting on DNA with some proteins attached to prevent it from getting tangled. |
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| within the nucleus where ribosomes are created. |
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| the inner scaffolding of the cell. Gives animal cells shape and support, give neurons their thread-like appearance, and making red blood cells. |
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| short projections that occur in large numbers on a single cell. They move liquid long a cell and sweep airways to our lungs. |
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| structure in mitochondria; inside the squiggly part of the organelle; has important implications for energy conversion. |
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| the bag-within-a-bag that holds the matrix and DNA. |
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| clean up crew; filled with digestive enzymes. |
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| site where proteins are produced and modified. Breaks down toxins |
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| rough endoplasmic reticulum |
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| modifies proteins that will be shipped elsewhere in the organism. |
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| smooth endoplasmic reticulum |
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| synthesizes lipids such as fatty acids, phospholipids and steroids. Helps protect us from the many dangerous molecules that get into our bodies. |
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| part of the endomembrane system; processes and packages proteins lipids and other molecules for export to other parts of the organism. |
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| provides structural strength, water resistant, provides protecting from animals that may try to eat the cell. |
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| stores nutrients and degraded waste in the cell. Provides pigment and structural support |
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| fluid inside of thylakoids. Makes proteins and contains DNA. |
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