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Chapter Six Psych
Learning
35
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
12/11/2011

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Term
Learning
Definition
Systematic, relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through experience
Term
Behaviorism
Definition
Theory of learning that focuses solely on observable behaviors, discounting the importance of thinking, wishing, hoping
Term
Associative Learning
Definition
Learning that occurs when we make a connection, or an association between 2 events
Term
Observational Learning
Definition
Occurs when a person observes and imitates another's behavior
Term
Acquisition
Definition
Initial learning of the connection between unconditioned stimulus and conditioned stimulus when the 2 are paired
Term
Generalization (classical conditioning)
Definition
Tendency of a new stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus to elicit a response that is similar to the conditioned response
Term
Discrimination (classical conditioning)
Definition
process of learning to respond to certain stimuli and not others
Term
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Definition
Weakening of the conditioned response when US is absent
Term
Spontaneous Recovery
Definition
Process in classical conditioning by which a conditioned response can recur after a time delay, without further conditioning
Term
Renewal
Definition
Recovery of the conditioned response when the organism is placed in a novel context.
Term
Counterconditioning
Definition
C.C. procedure for changing the relationship between a CS and its conditioned
Term
Aversive Conditioning
Definition
Treatment that consists of repeated pairings of a stimulus with a very unpleasant stimulus
Term
Habituation
Definition
Decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations
Term
Operant Conditioning
Definition
Associative learning in which the consequences of a behavior change the probability of the behaviors occurrence.
Term
Law of Effect
Definition
States that behaviors followed by positive outcomes are strengthened and that behaviors followed by negative outcomes are weakened
Term
Shaping
Definition
Rewarding approximations of a desired behavior
Term
Reinforcement
Definition
A reinforcer following a particular increases the probability that the behavior will happen again.
Term
Positive Reinforcement
Definition
Increase in the frequency of a behavior in response to the subsequent presentation of something that is good.
Term
Negative Reinforcement
Definition
An increase in the frequency upon the removal of something that is unpleasant
Term
Avoidance Learning
Definition
Organism's learning that it can altogether avoid a negative stimulus by making a particular response
Term
Learned helplessness
Definition
Organism's learning that through experience with unavoidable negative stimuli that is has no control over negative outcomes.
Term
Primary reinforcer
Definition
One that is innately satisfying. One that doesn't take learning to make it pleasurable
Term
Secondary reinforcer
Definition
Acquires its positive value through an organism's experience.
Term
Generalization (operant conditioning)
Definition
Performing a reinforced behavior in a different
Term
Discrimination (operant conditioning)
Definition
Responding appropriately to stimuli that signal that a behavior will or will not be reinforced.
Term
Extinction (operant conditioning)
Definition
Decreases in the frequency of a behavior when the behavior is no longer reinforced
Term
Schedules of Reinforcement
Definition
Specific patterns that determine when a behavior will be reinforced
Term
Punishment
Definition
Consequence that decreases the likelihood that a behavior will occur
Term
Positive Punishment
Definition
Presentation of an unpleasant stimulus following a given behavior in order to decrease the frequency
Term
Negative Punishment
Definition
Removal of a positive stimulus following a given behavior in order to decrease the frequency of that behavior
Term
Applied Behavior Analysis
Definition
The use of operant conditioning principles to change human behavior
Term
Latent Learning
Definition
Implicit learning. Unreinforced learning that is not immediately reflected in behavior
Term
Insight Learning
Definition
A form of problem solving in which the organism develops a sudden insight into or understanding of a problem's solution
Term
Instinctive Drift
Definition
Tendency of animals to revert to instinctive behavior that interferes with learning
Term
Preparedness
Definition
Biological predisposition to learn in certain ways but not others
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