Term
|
Definition
| Sensory information that we receive |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The brain's way of making sense (organizing) of all the sensory information that is given |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Converts form of physical energy into neural messages (impulses)[How brain communicates] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Neurons that carry information from sensory organs to the brain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Loss of responsiveness in receptor cells after the stimulation has remained unchanged (When you first come home from school and you smell stinky trash, and after a few minutes, you don't smell the trash anymore.) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The smallest amount of stimulation (sensation) necessary for senses to be detected |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| How much must a stimulus before we notice there is a change? [Ex: Your roommate is studying and asks you to turn down the volume of the television.) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The size of the just noticeable difference is large when the stimulus is high, and small when the stimulus is low. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Perceptual judgment as combination of sensation and decision-making processes, characteristics, background, detector [Stimulus event->neutral activity->comparison, action or no action](Ex:You are sleeping upstairs alone in the house when you hear bumbling downstairs) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Light-sensitive layer at the back of the eyeball; photo receptors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (At the back of the retina, and responsible for transduction) Converts light energy to neural impulses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Only see in black and white; sensitive to dim light but not colors [Ex: You walk in a dark theater, and eventually you can see the seats.] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Visual receptors for color; see in daylight; see fine detail |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Area of sharpest vision; cones congregate here (in the retina) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Neurons that carry visual information (Sensory pathway for vision) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Area of the eye where there are no photo receptors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Difficulty focusing on nearby objects (Farsightedness) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Difficulty focusing on distant objects (Nearsightedness) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Corneal, or lens defect that causes some areas of vision to be out of focus; relatively common |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Farsightedness caused by aging |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Occipital cortex; visual sensations are processed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Assessment of color-blindness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Number of cycles completed by a sound wave in a given amount of time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Determines how loud we perceive a sound (Strength of sound wave) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Outer ear; funnel to concentrate sound waves, travels down the Tympanic Membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Synonymous term for "eardrum" |
|
|
Term
| What are the three bones connected to the eardrum and link it to the cochlea? |
|
Definition
| The anvil, hammer and stirrup. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Essential to hearing; transduction occurs here [Lined with hair cells responsible for transduction](Where sound waves are transduced} |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Neural pathway that connects ear between the brain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (Auditory Cortex) Processes sounds, including speech |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sound produced by the frequency of a sound wave |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| As pitch rises, nerve impulses of a corresponding frequency are fed into the auditory nerve. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Higher and lower tones excite specific areas of the cochlea |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Quality of a sound wave; addresses the complexity of a sound wave; combination of tones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sound produced by the amplitude (intensity) of the sound wave |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Damage to the eardrum by deafness or injury (Hearing aids can compensate for this) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Damage to the hair cells of the cochela (Cochelar implants stimulate the auditory nerve) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (Preventable) Hair loss from exposure to very loud sounds [By age 60, we lose 40% of our hearing.] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sense of body orientation with respect to gravity (sense of hearing is important to this) [Ex: Spinning in circles, motion sickness] |
|
|
Term
| Smell and taste are what kind of sensations? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| [Lining of the nose; transducers for smell] Brain sites for olfactory processing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chemical signals released to communicate with other members of the species (Feelings of well-being, attraction) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sense of taste (Salty, sweet, sour, bitter, umami->pleasant, savory) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Receptors for taste (primarily on the upper side of the tongue) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Touch, warmth, cold, holding in bodily fluids, helps regulate body temperature, pain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Arises from intense stimulations [Can be affected by mood and expectation] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pain that originates in internal organs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pain felt on surface of body, away from point of origin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sharp, fast pain from skin, joints, and muscles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When a person has a limb amputated, but still feels sensations where the limb used to be |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pain messages from different neutral pathways/passageways pass through the same gate in the spinal cord; one route passes messages quickly, and the other transfers it slowly [Explains pain control; level of pain is determined by information from two pathways] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Aspirin, morphine, etc. (Drugs that get rid of pain) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What we perceive; sensation and the meaning we attach to it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Specialize in detecting special (boundary, color, shape) stimulus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The unclearness of how the brain gets together; unsolved mystery concerning the processes used by the brain to combine many aspects of sensation to a single percept |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Analyze info starting with small components, and then going up and putting it all together into a percept (Ex: Mexican restaurant: Which salsa to eat? Look at how it is and decide which one you'll eat. Chunky? Soupy? Spicy? Mild? Ingredients?) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Schema-driven (cognitive representation of how we make sense of our world)--already have memories and expectations of something (Ex: Old man-rat picture) Involves the usage of pre-existing knowledge (Dog; pizza) Nothing you have to build an understanding of |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ability to see the same object as remaining constant under differing conditions (color, size, and shape) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The apparent bright color change (Sunflower--in the morning, at sunset) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (Ex: On airplane, cars look tiny, the size of the cars have not changed; your perception has) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (Ex: Door is closed-->rectangular; when it's cracked-->trapezoid) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inaccurately interpreting a stimulus [Used in architecture, design]->Small space--mirrors and light colors make room look bigger [Fashion->black sliming, horizontal lines->bigger] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Image that can provide more than one interpretation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Brain is pre-wired to organize sensory info into meaningful patterns (Instead of experiencing a song as chords/notes; we perceive it as a melody.) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Part of pattern that commands attention [Two faces/vase photo] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Serves as a background; does not command attention |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tendency to fill gaps in figures and see incomplete figures as complete |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Boundaries we perceive, but do not appear in the stimulus pattern |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Stimuli that are similar in size, shape, color, or form tend to be grouped together (Football players on field-->jerseys) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (Nearness) Stimuli that are near each other, tend to be grouped together. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| We prefer perceptions of connected and continuous figures, instead of disjointed ones. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tend to group similar objects together that share a common motion or destination (Ex: Geese flying together--see the arrow, marching band-->aerial view; perceive the patterns they make as a whole) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "Meaningfulness"; we perceive the simplest pattern possible; requires the least mental capacity. (Ex: A bird in the the hand. [Brain doesn't see second "the".]) |
|
|
Term
| Learning-based Interference |
|
Definition
| Herman Helmholtz; view that perception is primarily shaped by prior learning, rather than by innate factors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Readiness to detect a particular stimulus in a given context |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ability to see three-dimensional space and to accurately judge spaces (Innate and learned) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Apparatus (Six to fourteen months old) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Depth can be accessed with one eye |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Depth can be accessed with two eyes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bending of lens of the eye to focus on nearby objects (up to four feet; monocular) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Binocular cue; when you look as something fifty feet away or closer; your eyes must turn in to focus on the object |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Descrepancy in the images that reach the right and left eyes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Entire range of electromagnetic energy--includes radio waves, X-rays, microwaves, and visible light |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tiny part of the electromagnetic spectrum that is visible to our eyes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Based on three cone receptors, explains initial stages of color vision |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Based on bipolar cells; colors in complementary pairs, explains afterimages |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sensations that linger after the stimulus is removed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Vision disorder that prevents an individual from discriminating certain colors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inability to distinguish some colors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Specialized neurons that are activated by stimulation and transduce (convert)the incoming stimulus into electrochemical signals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sense of body position and movement of body parts relative to each other (receptors in joints, muscles, and tendons) |
|
|
