Term
|
Definition
| __________ is the ablility to cause disease by overcoming the defenses of the host. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| __________ is the degree or extent of a pathogenicity. How well it can cause disease. |
|
|
Term
| Define Virulence Factors. |
|
Definition
| Enhance ability to cause disease. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pathogens can gain entrance to the human body and other host through several avenues, which are called ______ __ _____. |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 portals of entry? |
|
Definition
| Mucous membrane, Skin, Parenteral Route. |
|
|
Term
| What does the Mucous Membrane Line? (4) |
|
Definition
| ______ ________ lines the respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, genitourinary tract, and conjunctiva (covers the eyeball, and lines the eyelids). |
|
|
Term
| How do microbes enter through the skin? |
|
Definition
| Openings in the skin, such as hair follicles and sweat gland ducts. Hookworm Larvae actually bore through intact skin. Some fungi grow on the keratin in skin or infect the skin itself. |
|
|
Term
| How do microbes enter through Parenteral Route? |
|
Definition
Microbes can be deposited directly into the tissue beneath the skin or into mucous membranes when these barriers are penetrated or injured.
ie; punctures, injections, bites, scratches, surgery, splitting of skin due to swlling or dryness. |
|
|
Term
| How do microorganisms enter through the Respiratory Tract? |
|
Definition
Inhaled into the nose or the mouth in drops of moisture or riding on dust.
ie; common cold, pneumonia, tuberculosis, influenza, mealses, smallpox.
Influenza Virus, Chickenpox, Measles, Rubella, Whooping Cough, Tuberculosis.
|
|
|
Term
| How do microorganisms enter through the Gastrointestinal Tract? |
|
Definition
Your fingers are contaminated by microbes. You eat and it gets in your stomach. HCL initially kills some of them but the ones that do survive can cause disease.
|
|
|
Term
| How do microorganisms enter the Genitourinary Tract? |
|
Definition
(STI) Some microbes can penetrate an unbroken mucus membrane. Others require a cut or abrasion of some type to enter the genitourinary tract.
ie;Syphilis, AIDS, Nongonoccal Urethritis. |
|
|
Term
| Define preferred portal of entry. |
|
Definition
Just because a pathogen enters your body doesn't mean it's going to cause disease. An entry that is a prerequisite to their being able to cause disease.
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The virulence of a microbe is expressed as the ____. Infectious dose for 50% of the test population
ie; bacillus anthracis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Lethal dose (of a toxin) for 50% of the test population.
ie; vibrio cholerae
|
|
|
Term
Bacillus anthracis can cause infection in 3 different portals of entry.
1. Skin 10 to 50 spores
2. Inhalation 10,000 - 20,000
3. Ingestion 250,000 - 1,000,000
Which is the easiest to acquire. |
|
Definition
| Skin, it only takes 10 - 50 spores in infect 50% of the test group. |
|
|
Term
Which of the following is NOT a portal of entry for pathogens?
a. mucous membranes of the respiratory tract
b. mucous membranes of the gastrointestinal tract
c. skin
d. blood
e. parenteral route. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| List the adherence factors used by pathogens, giving examples of each. |
|
Definition
Glycocalyx - streptococcus mutans
Fimbriae - Actinomyces
Waxes - Mycobacteria
M Protein - Streptococcus pogenes
Tapered End w/ hooks - Treponema pallidum |
|
|
Term
| List the steps in the route a pathogen follows for causing a successful infection |
|
Definition
1. Adherence
•To host surfaces and not be washed off
•2. Avoid phagocytosis
•Prevent host defenses from destroying
•3. Penetrate
•Get into host and spread
•4. Produce Enzymes
•Spread, prevent host defenses and cause damage at or near site of infection
•5. Produce Toxins
Cause damage at distant site
|
|
|
Term
| List the penetration factors used by pathogens General (6) |
|
Definition
Capsules
Cell wall components
Enzymes
Antigenic Variation
Invasions
Intracellular growth |
|
|
Term
| Describe how capsules aid in penetration of host defenses and give an example. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe how the Cell Wall Components penetrate through the host defenses and give an example of each. (4) |
|
Definition
- Glycocalyx
- M Proteins
- Heat-Resistant
- Mediates attachment to the epithelial cells
- Prevents Phagocytosis
- ie; Streptococcus pyogenes
- Fimbriae
- Used to attach to the host cells
- ie; Escherichia coli
- Opa
- Used to attach to host cells
- ie; Neisseria gonorrheae
- Waxy Lipid
- ie; Mycobacterium tuberculosis
- resist phyagocytosis
- allows multiplication inside phagocytes
|
|
|
Term
| What is the enzyme Coagulase? |
|
Definition
| Coagulates blood to wall off from the host. |
|
|
Term
| What is the enzyme Kinases? |
|
Definition
| Digest fibrin clot - breaks down clot so it can spread. |
|
|
Term
| What is the enzyme Hyaluronidase? |
|
Definition
| Hydrolyzes hyaluronic acid --> allows spread |
|
|
Term
| What is the enzyme Collagenase? |
|
Definition
Breaks down collagen (produces muscle tissue) which allows it to spread gangrene gas.
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Define antigenic variation. |
|
Definition
| When Pathogens can alter their surface antigens. |
|
|
Term
| Why is antigenic variation important for pathogens? |
|
Definition
| To penetrate the host defenses. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
+ Produced Inside
Secreated/Lysis
Powerful
|
|
|
