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| The systematic study of human society and social interaction. |
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| a large social grouping that shares the same geographical territory and is subject to the same political authority and dominant cultural expectations. |
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| C.Wright Mill's term for the ability to see the relationship between individual experiences and the larger society. |
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high-income countries
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industrial countries |
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| nations with highly industrialized economies; technologically advanced industrial, administrative, and service occupations; and relatively high levels of national and personal income. |
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middle-income
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developing countries |
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| nations with industrializing economies, particularly in urban areas, and moderate levels of national and personal income. |
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low-income countries
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underdeveloped countries |
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| nations with little industrialization and low levels of national and personal income. |
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| the process by which societies are transformed from dependence on agriculture and handmade products to an emphasis on manufacturing and related industries. |
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| the process by which an increasing proportion of a population lives in cities rather than in rural areas. |
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| a term Auguste Comte's belief that the world can best be understood through scientific inquiry. |
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Herbert Spencer's belief that those species of animals, including human beings, best adapted to their environment survive and prosper, whereas those survive and prosper, whereas those poorly adapted die out.
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| Emile Durkheim's term for patterned ways of acting, thinking, and feeling that exist outside any one individual but that exert social control over each person. |
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| Emile Durkheim's designation for a condition in which social control becomes ineffective as a result of the loss of shared values and of a sense of purpose in society. |
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| a set of logically interrelated statements that attempts to describe, explain, and (occasionally) predict social events. |
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| functionalist perspectives |
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Definition
| the sociological approach that views society as a stable, orderly system. |
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Definition
| functions that are intended and/or overtly recognized by the participation in a social unit. |
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| unintended functions that are hidden and remain unacknowledged by participants |
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| the sociological approach that views groups in society as engaged in a continuous power struggle for control of scarce resources |
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Definition
| an approach that examines whole societies, large-scale social structures, and social systems. |
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Definition
| sociological theory and research that focus on small groups rather than on large-scale social structures |
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| symbolic interactionist perspectives |
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| the sociological approach that views society as the sum of the interactions of individuals and groups. |
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Definition
| the sociological approach that attempts to explain social life in modern societies that are characterized by post-industrialization, consumerism, and global communications. |
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| sociological research methods that are based on the goal of scientific objectivity and that focus on data that can be measured numerically |
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| sociological research methods that use interpretive description (words) rather that statistics (numbers) to analyze underlying meanings and patterns of social relationships. |
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| a statement of the expected relationship between two or more variables |
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| in sociological research, any concept with measurable traits or characteristics that can change or vary from one person, time, situation, or society to another. |
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Definition
| in an experiment, the variable assumed to be the cause of the relationship between variables |
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Definition
| in an experiment, the variable assumed to be caused by the independent variable(s) |
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| in sociological research, the extent to which a study or research instrument accurately measures what it is supposed to measure. |
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| in sociological research, the extent to which a study or research instrument yields consistent results when applied to different individuals atone time or to the same individuals over time. |
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| specific strategies or techniques for systematically conducting research |
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| a poll in which the researcher gathers facts or attempts to determine the relationships among facts. |
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| a research method using a data-colletion encounter in which an interviewer asks the respondent questions and records the answers. |
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| a research method in which researchers use existing material and analyze data that were originally collected by others |
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| the systematic examination of cultural artifacts or various forms of communication to extract thematic data and draw conclusions about social life. |
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| a research method in which researchers collet data while being part of the activities of the group over a period of years. |
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| a detailed study of the life and activities of a group of people by researchers who may live with that group over a period of years. |
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Definition
| a research method involving a carefully designed situation in which the researcher studies the impact of certain variables on subjects' attitudes or behavior. |
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Definition
| in an experiment, the group that contains the subjects who are exposed to an independent variable to study its effect on them. |
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| in an experiment, the group that contains the subjects who are not exposed to the independent variable. |
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| a relationship that exists when two variable are associated more frequently then could be expected by chance. |
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| The french philosopher who coined the term sociology. |
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| translated and condensed Comte's works |
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| British, major contribution to sociology was an evolutionary perspective on social order and social change |
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| French,stressed that people are the product of their social environment and that behavior cannot be fully understood fully in terms of individual biological and psychological traits. |
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| German, stressed that history is a continuous clash between conflicting ideas and forces. |
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| German, made significant contributions to modern sociology by emphasizing the goal of value-free inquiry and the necessity of understanding how others see the world. |
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| theorized that society is a web of patterned interactions among people |
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| first depertmant of sociology established in the United States. |
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| created the second department of sociology |
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| second department of sociology founded by W.E.B. Du Bois |
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| most influential contemporary advocate of the functionalist perspective, stressing that all societies must provide for meeting social needs in order to survive. |
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| refined functionalism, distinguished between manifest and latent functions of social institutions. |
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