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| the scientific study of behavior and mental processes |
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| anything an organism does- any action we can observe and record |
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| the internal, subjective experiences; sensations, perceptions, dreams, thoughts, beliefs, and feelings |
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| the view that knowledge originates in experience and that science therefore should rely on observation and experimentation |
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study of consciousness through the structures of the human mind |
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| Mind and body are different aspects of the same thing; Who we are and what we know is based on experience |
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| Mind and body are two different things that interact; Who we are and what we know is innate (born with it) |
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| Belief that once you know the outcome it should have been foreseen |
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| Humans are overconfident, they look to confirm not disconfirm |
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| set of principles that organizes and predicts behaviors or events |
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| testable prediction often implied by a theory |
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| Statement of the procedures (operations) used to define research variables; Allows for the replication of the research which makes it reliable |
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| Anyone or anything from which the sample may be drawn from for a study |
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| The subset of the popluation that the investigator wants to study |
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| Sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance for participation |
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| Comparison group that is treated like the experimental group but does not receive manipulation |
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| Group that is being manipulated |
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| Factor(s) that is/are being manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied |
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| The outcome; the variable that may change in response to the manipulations (what you are measuring) |
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Neither the research participants nor the research staff know which participants are being manipulated; helps limit the placebo effect and the effects of researcher expectations unintentionally influencing results |
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| think it is working so the "pill" must be working |
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| The tendency to overestimate the number of people who share our beliefs and behaviors |
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| Statstical measure of the relationship between two variables ( it reveals how closely one predicts the other) |
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| the two factors rise and fall together |
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| The two factors relate inversely (one goes up while the other goes down) |
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| Perception of a relationship where none exists |
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| Study one induvidual in great depth in the hope of revealing things true in us all; lead to other hypothesis for study |
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| Looks at many cases in less depth; asks people to report their behaviors or opinions |
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| Observing and recording behavior in a naturally occuring enviroment; does not explain behavior, it describes it |
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Psychodynamic/Psychoanalytic |
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Founder: Freud
Emphasizes the importance of early childhood experiences and the unconscious in our development |
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Founder: Watson (1st to use term behaviorism)
Ivan Pavlov (classic conditioning)
BF Skinner (operant conditioning)
Focuses on the behaviors that can be seen by others and how the enviroment influences those behaviors |
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Abraham Maslow (self actualization)
Carl Rogers (person centered)
focuses on the induvidual as someone with potential whois constantly striving to reach their potential |
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Jean Piaget (stages of cognitive development)
Martin Seligman ( learned helplessness, positive psychology)
Studies how we encode, process, store, and retrieve information |
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Lev Vygotsky (zone of proximal development)
Looks at how societal and cultural influences determine behaviors and beliefs |
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Charles Darwin (natural selection)
Studies why certain traits have evolved/ survived while others have not |
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Karl Lashley
Examines the connection between the brain and body and ones mental well being
Looks at the biology of an induvidual CAT scans, MRI |
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| Asses, diagnoses and treats people with disorders |
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| Asses, diagnoses and treats people who have issues other than disorders (marital problems, child counseling) |
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| Focuses on changing the behavior of groups rather than induviduals; prevents problems (MADD, AA) |
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Developmental Psychologist |
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| Study the life-span and different stages/ages |
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| Study how students learn and develop new techniques and methods |
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