A partial degredation of sugars that occurs without O₂

Uses phosphorylation instead of an electron transport chain to generate ATP 

Consists of glycolysis plus reactions that regenerate NAD+, which can be reused by glycolysis 

Two common types are alcohol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation 

Generates O₂ and organic molecules, which are used in cellular respiration 

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A process similar to aerobic respiration, but consumes compounds other than O_2.

Uses an electron transport chain with an electron acceptor other than 0₂, for example, sulfate 

A term that includes both aerobic and anaerobic respiration but is often used to refer to aerobic respiration 

Ex: Cellular respiration of glucose 

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy 

(ATP + heat)

Chemical reactions that transfer ellectrons between reactants

Also known as oxidation-reduction reactions

The transfer of electrons uring chemical reactions realeses energy stored in organic molecules, this energy is ultimately used to synthesize ATP 

Some Redox reactions do not transfer electrons byt change the electron sharing in covalent bonds 

Ex: The reaction between methane and O₂

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A substance that gains electrons 

The amount of positive charge is reduced [image]

NAD⁺

Passes electrons in a series of steps instead of one explosive reaction 

Occurs in the cristae of the mitochondrion 

Does not generate ATP, purpose is to break the large free-energy drop from food to O₂ into smaller steps taht release energy in manageable amounts 

Most of the components are proteins, which exist in multiprotein complexes 

Carriers alternate reduced and oxidizes states as they accept and donate electrons 

Causes proteins to pump H+ from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space 

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Glycolysis - The breaking down of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate 

Citric Acid Cycle - Completes the breakdown of glucose 

Oxidative Phosphorylation - Accounts for most of ATP synthesis. Powered by redox reactions. Accounts for almost 90% of ATP generation

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The stage in cellular respiration in which glucose is broken down into two molecules of pyruvate.

Can produce ATP with or without 0₂ (aerboic or anaerobic)
In the absence of 02, glycolysis couples with fermentation or anaerobic respiration to produce ATP

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The stage in cellular respiration in which the breakdown of glucose is completed

Also known as the Krebs Cycle

Takes place in the mitochondrial matrix 

Oxidizes organic fuel derived from pyruvate, generating 1 ATP, 3 NADH, and 1 FADH₂ per turn 

Has eight steps, each catalyzed by a specific enzyme:

-The acetyl group of acetyl CoA joins the cycle by combining with oxaloacetate, forming citrate.

-The next seven steps decompose the citrate back to oxaloacetate, making the process a cycle

-The NADH and FADH₂ produced by the cycle relay electrons extracted from food to the electron support chain  

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The stage in cellular respiration that accounts for most of the ATP synthesis 

Is powered by redox reactions 

Accounts for almost 90% of the ATP generated by cellular respiration 

A type of protein that is involved in the electron transport chain and contains an iron atom 

The use of the exergonic flow of H+ to drive

ATP production 

Relies on the H+ produced earlier on in the elctron transport chain 

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The use of energy in an H+ gradient to drive cellular work 

(PMF)

The storing of energy as a combination of proton and voltage gradients across a membrane 

Ex: The H+ Gradient during ATP synthase 

Pyruvate is converted to ethenol in two steps, with the first releasing CO₂

Ex: Alcohol fermentation by yeast is used in brewing, winemaking, and baking [image]

A process in which pyruvate is reduced to NADH, forming lactate as an end product, with no release of CO2

Used by fungi and bacteria to make cheese and yogurt 

Human muscle cells use lactic acid fermentation to generate ATP when O₂ is scarce 

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