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Chapter II Terms
Vocabulary and terms on Chaper II of Elementary Statistics
32
Mathematics
Undergraduate 1
10/21/2010

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Term
Raw Data
Definition
Data in its original form.
Term
Class
Definition
A raw data value that is placed in a quantitative or a qualitative category.
Term
Frequency
Definition
The number of data values contained in a specific class.
Term
Frequency Distribution
Definition
The organization of raw data in table form using classes and frequencies.
Term
Categorical frequency distribution
Definition
Used for data that can be placed in specific categories such as nominal- or ordinal-level data
Term
Relative Frequency
Definition
The decimal equilateral of a percent.
Term
Grouped frequency distribution
Definition
Data that is grouped into classes that are more than one unit in width.
Term
Lower class limit
Definition
The smallest data value that can be included in the class.
Term
Upper class limit
Definition
The largest data value that can be represented in a class.
Term
Class boundaries
Definition
Numbers that are used to separate the classes so that there are no gaps in the frequency distribution.
Term
Class width
Definition
Found by subtracting the lower (or upper) class limit of one class from the lower (or upper) class limit of the next class.
Term
Class midpoint
Definition
Is obtained by adding the lower and upper boundaries and dividing by two.
Term
Mutually exclusive classes
Definition
Classes that have none overlapping class limits so that the data cannot be placed into two classes.
Term
Open-ended Distribution
Definition
A frequency distribution with an open-ended class.
Term
Cumulative frequency distribution
Definition
A distribution that shows the number of data values less than or equal to a specific value (usually an upper boundary).
Term
Ungrouped frequency distribution
Definition
A frequency distribution that can be constructed using single data values for each class.
Term
Histogram
Definition
A graph that displays the data by using contiguous vertical bars of various heights to represent the frequencies of the classes.
Term
Frequency polygon
Definition
A graph that displays the data by using lines that connect points plotted for the frequencies at the midpoint of the classes.
Term
Ogive
Definition
A graph that represents the cumulative frequencies for the classes in a frequency distribution.
Term
Relative frequency graph
Definition
A graph where the distributions are using proportions as opposed to raw data.
Term
Bell-shaped distribution
Definition
Has a single peak that tapers off at either end. It is approximately symmetric.
Term
Uniform distribution
Definition
Flat or rectangular.
Term
J-Shaped distribution
Definition

Few data values on the left side and increases as it moves to the right.

 

A reverse shaped J-distribution is the opposite.

Term
Bar graph
Definition
Represents the data by using vertical or horizontal bars whose height or lengths represent the frequencies of the data.
Term
Pareto Chart
Definition
Used to represent a frequency distribution for a categorical variable and the frequencies are displayed by the heights of vertical bars which are arranged in order from highest to lowest.
Term
Time series graph
Definition
Represents data that occur over a specific period of time.
Term
Pie graph
Definition
A circle that is divided into sections or wedges according to a percentage of frequencies in each category of the distribution.
Term
Stem and leaf plot
Definition
A data plot that uses part of the data value as a stem and part of the data value as the leaf to form groups or classes.
Term
Scatter plot
Definition
A graph of order pairs of data values that is used to determine if a relationship exists between the two variables.
Term
Positive linear relationship
Definition
When the points fall approximately in an ascending straight line and both the x and y values increase at the same time.
Term
Negative linear relationship
Definition
When the points fall approximately in a descending straight line from left to right.
Term
Nonlinear relationship
Definition
When the points fall in a curved line. No relationship exists when there is no discernible pattern of the points.
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