Term
| Scientific Observation is... |
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Definition
| made under precisely defined conditions, in a systematic and objective manner, and with careful record keeping. |
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| the extent to which the results of a research study can be generalized to different populations, settings, and conditions |
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| Time sampling can be EITHER |
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| researchers seek representative samples by choosing various time intervals for their observations. |
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| observer records each event that meets a predetermined definition |
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| Situation sampling involves ... |
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studying behavior in different locations and under different circumstances and conditions
- enhances the external validity of findings. |
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| Undisguised participant observation |
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Definition
| individuals who are being observed know that the observer is present for the purpose of collecting information about their behavior. |
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| Disguised participant observation |
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| those who are being observed do not know that they are being observed. |
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| the researcher does not intervene in the situation and individuals are not aware of the observations |
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| observed without any intervention by a researcher and reflect naturally occurring events |
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| result from some intervention by a researcher |
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| creations, construction or other artifacts of behavior |
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| naturally occurring events that significantly impact society or individuals |
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| Occurs when some information is selected to be deposited in archives, but other information is not |
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| Arises when records are missing or incomplete (something an investigator may not even be aware of). |
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| when evidence falsely indicates that two or more variables are associated |
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| include only the observer's running descriptions of the participants, events, settings, and behaviors that are of particular interest to the observer, and may not contain an exact record of everything that occurred. |
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Definition
| As a general rule, records should be made .... after the behavior is observed. |
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| Lowest Scale of Measurement (Nominal) |
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Definition
| categorizing an event into one of a number of discrete categories |
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| Second Level of Measurement (Ordinal) |
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| Ordering or ranking events to be measured |
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| Third level of Measurement (Interval) |
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| specifying how far apart two events are on a given dimension |
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| Fourth level of Measurement (Ratio) |
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| specifying how far apart two events are on a given dimension with an absolute zero point. |
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| process of abstracting and summarizing behavioral data in narrative records |
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| the identification of units of behavior or particular events according to specific criteria that are related to the goals of the study |
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| any objective coding technique that allows researchers to make inferences based on specific characteristics in archival records |
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| The most common descriptive statistic for the nominal scale |
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| Arithmetic mean or Average |
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| The most common measure of central tendency |
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| Inter-observer reliability |
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Definition
| The degree to which two (or more) independent observers agree |
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| Quantitative index of the degree of the covariation between correlated variables. |
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| Habituation (Desensitization) |
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Definition
| Observers enter into the setting on many different occasions until the participants stop reacting to their presence |
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