Term
| awareness of oneself and the environment |
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Definition
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Term
| a periodic, more or less regular fluctation in a biological system; it may or may not have psychologicial implications |
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Definition
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Term
| gnerated from within rather than by external crues |
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Definition
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Term
| a biological rhythm with a period (from peak to peak or trough to trough) of about 24 hours |
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Definition
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Term
| an area of the brain containing a biological clock that governs circadian rhythms |
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Definition
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Term
| a hormone secreted by the pineal gland; it is involved in the regulation of the circadian rhythms |
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Definition
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Term
| a state in which biological rhythms are not in phase (synchronized) with one another |
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Definition
| internal desynchraonization |
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Term
| a controversial disorder in which a person experiences depression during the winter and an improvement of mood in the spring |
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Definition
| seasonal affective disorder |
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Term
| a disorder in which breathing briefly stops during sleep, causing the person to choke and gasp, and momentarily awaken |
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Definition
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Term
| a sleep disorder involving sudden and unpredictable daytime attacks of sleepiness or actual sleep |
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Definition
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Term
| sleep periods characterized by eye movement, loss of muscle tone, and dreaming |
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Definition
| rapid eye movement (REM) sleep |
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Term
| a dream in which the dreamer is aware of dreaming |
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Definition
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Term
| the theory that dreaming results from the cortical synthesis and interpretation of neural signals triggered by activity in the lower part of the brain |
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Definition
| activation synthesis theory |
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Term
| a procedure in which the practioner suggest changes in the sensations, perceptions, thoughts, feelings, or behavior of the subject |
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Definition
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Term
| a split in consciousness in which one part of the mind operates independently of others |
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Definition
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Term
| a drug capable of incluencing perception, mood, cognition, or behavior |
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Definition
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Term
| drugs that speed up activity in the central nervous system |
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Definition
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Term
| drugs that slow down activity in the central nervous system |
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Definition
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Term
| drugs, derived from the opium poppy, that relieve pain and commonly produce euphoria |
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Definition
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Term
| consciousness-altering drugs that produce hallucinations, change thought processes, or disrupt the normal perception of time and space |
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Definition
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Term
| increased resistance to a drug's effects accompanying continued use |
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Definition
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Term
| phsyical and psychological sysmptoms that occur when someone addicted to a drug stops taking it |
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Definition
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Term
| the detection of physical energy emitted or reflected by phsyical objects |
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Definition
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Term
| the process by which the brain organaizes and interprets sensory imformation |
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Definition
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Term
| specialized cells that convert physical energy in the environment or the body to electrical energy that can be transmitted as nerve impulses to the brain |
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Definition
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Term
| the principle that different sensory modalities exist because signals received by the sense organs stimulate different nerve pathways leading to different areas of the brain |
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Definition
| doctrine of specific nerve energies |
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Term
| a rare condition in which stimulation of one sense also evokes a sensation in another |
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Definition
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Term
| the smalest quantity of physical energy that can be reliably detected by an observer |
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Definition
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Term
| the smallest difference in stimulation that can be reliably detected by an observer when two stimuli are compared |
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Definition
| difference threshold or just noticeable difference (jnd) |
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Term
| a psychophysical theory that divides taht detection of a sensory signal into a sensory process and a decision process |
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Definition
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Term
| the reduction or disappearance of sensory responsiveness that occurs when stimulation is unchanging or reptitious |
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Definition
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Term
| the absence of normal levels of sensory stimulation |
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Definition
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Term
| the focusing of attention on selected aspects of the environment and the blocking out of others |
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Definition
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Term
| the dimension of visual experience specified by color names and related to the wavelength of light |
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Definition
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Term
| lightness or luminance; the dimension of visual experience related to the amount of light emitted from or reflected by an object |
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Definition
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Term
| vividness or purity of color; the dimension of visual experience related to the complexity of light waves |
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Definition
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Term
| neural tissue lining the back of the eyeballs interior, which contains the receptors of vision |
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Definition
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Term
| visual receptors that respond to dim light |
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Definition
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Term
| visual receptors involved in color vision |
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Definition
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Term
| a process by which visual receptors become maximally sensitive to dim light |
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Definition
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Term
| neurons in the retina of the eye, which gather information from receptor cells (by way of intermediate biopolar cells); their axons make up the optic nerve |
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Definition
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Term
| cells in the visual cortex that are sensitive to specific features of the environment |
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Definition
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Term
| a theory of color perception that proposes three mechanisms in the visual system, each sensitive to a certain range of wavelengths; their interaction is assumed to produce all the different experiences of hue |
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Definition
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Term
| a theory of color perception that assumes that the visual system that treats pairs of colors as opposing or antagonistic |
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Definition
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Term
| principles that descibe the brain's organizaiton of sensory information into meaningful units and patterns |
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Definition
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Term
| visual cues to depth or distance requiring two eyes |
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Definition
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Term
| the turning inward of the eyes, which occurs when they focus on a nearby object |
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Definition
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Term
| the slight difference in lateral separation between two objects as seen by the left eye and the right eye |
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Definition
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Term
| visual cues to dpeth or distance that can be used by one eye alone |
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Definition
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Term
| the accurate perception of objects as stable or unchanged despite changes in the sensory patterns they produce |
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Definition
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Term
| the dimension of auditory experience related to the intensity of a pressure wave |
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Definition
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Term
| the dimension of auditory experience related to the frequency of a pressure wve; it is related to the height or depth of a tone |
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Definition
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Term
| teh distinguishing quality of a sound; the dimension of auditory experience related to the complexity of the pressure wave |
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Definition
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Term
| a structure in teh chochlea containg hair cells that serve as the resceptors for hearing |
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Definition
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Term
| a snail-shaped, fluid filled organ in the inner ear, containing the organ of corti, where the receptors for hearing are located |
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Definition
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Term
| knoblike, elevations on the tongue, containing the taste buds |
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Definition
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Term
| nests of taste receptor cells |
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Definition
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Term
| the theory that the experience of pain depends in part on whether pain impulses get past a neurological "gate" in the spianl cord and thus reach the brain |
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Definition
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Term
| the sense of body position and movemnt of body parts |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| sense organs in the inner ear, which contribute to equilibrium by responding to rotation of the head |
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Definition
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Term
| a habitual way of perceiving, based on expectations |
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Definition
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Term
| the study of purported psychic phenomena such as ESP and mental telepathy |
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Definition
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Term
| Circadian rhythms are governed by a biological "clock" in the _____located in the hypothalamus. |
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Definition
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Term
| ____occurs when the usual ciracdian rhythms are thrown out of phase with one another. |
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Definition
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Term
| Vivid dreams are most often reported during ____. |
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Definition
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Term
| During Stage two of sleep, the brain emits occaisional rapid, high peaking waves called____. |
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Definition
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Term
| During stage three, the brain emits slow waves with very high peaks called _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| A split in conciousness is also known as _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| Psychoactive drugs alter cognition and emotion by acting on the ____in the brain. |
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Definition
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Term
| ______is when you need to increase your dosage to receive the same effect. |
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Definition
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Term
| ____speed up activity in the central nervous system. |
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Definition
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Term
| nictoine, caffeine, cocaine, amphetmaines, and methamphetamine hydrochloride are examples of ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| ____slow down activity in the central nervous system. |
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Definition
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Term
| Alcohol, tranquilizers, barbiturates are examples of ______. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Morphine, heroin, methadone are all examples of ____. |
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Definition
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Term
| Opiates mimix the action of ____. |
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Definition
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Term
| _____disrupt normal thought processes. |
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Definition
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Term
| Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), mescaline, salvia divinorum, and psilocybin are examples of______. |
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Definition
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Term
| _____refers to expectations about the drug's effects, as well as reasons for taking the drug. |
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Definition
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Term
| The experiment where men behaved more beligerently when they thought they were drinking vodka than when they thought they were drinking plain tonic water. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| seasonal affective disorder |
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Term
| When you first climb into bed, your brain emits bursts of _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| In the sleep cycle, after you reach stage four, you return back to stage one, what happens during this stage? |
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Definition
| you heart increases, blood pressure rises, and breathing becomes faster and more irregular |
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Term
| Once you reach the second stage one, you have entered ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| REM sleep has also been called ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| According to Freud, we must distinguish between a dream's ____, the aspects of it that we consciously experience during sleep and may remember upon wakening, from its _____content, the unconscious wishes and thoughts being expressed symbolically. |
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Definition
| manifest content; latent content |
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Term
| REM sleep seems to be associated with______, a process by which the synaptic changes associated with a recently stored memory become durable and stable. |
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Definition
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Term
| does hypnotic responsiveness depend on the efforts and qualities of the person being hypnotized? |
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Definition
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Term
| The _____theory says that one part of the brain operates as an interpreter and reporter of activities carreid out unconciously by other brain parts. |
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Definition
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Term
| The ______holds that effects of hypnosis result from an interactrion between the social influence of the hypnotists and the abilties , beliefs, and expectations of the subject. |
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Definition
| sociocognitive approach to hypnosis |
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Term
| Sensation begins with _____which convert the energy of a stimulus into electrical impulses that travel along nerves to the brain |
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Definition
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Term
| Separate sensations can be accounted for by ____codes or______. |
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Definition
| anatomical or functional codes |
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Term
| ____is concerend with how the phsyical properties of stimuli are related to our psychological experience of them. |
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Definition
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Term
| Accoding to signal-detection theory, an observer's response in a detection task can be divided into a ____which depends on the intensit of the stimulus, and a ____which is influenced by the observer's response bias. |
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Definition
| sensory process; decision process |
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Term
| What are the two types of visual receptors and where are they located? |
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Definition
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Term
| Rods and cones send signals to the ____and ultimately to the _____, which carreis visual info to the brain. |
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Definition
| ganglion cells; optic nerve |
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Term
| Hue refers to the ____ of light. |
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Definition
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Term
| Birhgtness refers to the _____of light. |
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Definition
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Term
| saturation refers to the _____of light. |
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Definition
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Term
| The amount of light that gets into the eye is controlled by muscles in the ____. |
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Definition
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Term
| The center of the retina called the ___Contains only cones. |
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Definition
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Term
| Are there more rods or cones? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which is more sensitive: rods or cones? |
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Definition
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Term
| Rods and cones are connected by synapses to ____which in turn communicate with neurons called ganglions cells. |
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Definition
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Term
| Where the optic nerve leaves the eye, at the ______, there are no rods or cones. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the four Gestalt principles? |
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Definition
| proximity, closure, similarity, and continuity |
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Term
| Binocular cues include ____and _____ |
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Definition
| convergence; retinal disparity |
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Term
| Monocular cues include _____ and _____. |
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Definition
| interposition and linear perspective |
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Term
| ____occur when sensory cues are misleading or we misinterpret cues. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| two lines same length but look different |
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Term
| What is another word for the sense of hearing? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| ____is the distinguishing quality of sound. |
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Definition
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Term
| ____includes all frequencies of the audible sound spectrum. |
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Definition
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Term
| The receptors for hearing are hair cells called ___. |
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Definition
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Term
| The hair cells of teh cochlea are embedded in the rubbery ____. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What are the five tastes? |
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Definition
| salty, sour, bitter, sweet, umami |
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