Term
| divisions of the peripheral nervous system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| controls internal activities of organs and glands |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| controls external actions of skin and muscles |
|
|
Term
| divisions of the autonomic nervous system |
|
Definition
-sympathetic
-parasympathetic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some types of nerves in the nervous system |
|
Definition
-spinal nerves
-cranial nerves |
|
|
Term
| some components of the PNS |
|
Definition
-nerves
-ganglia
-12 pairs of cranial nerves (8 mixed, 4 sensory)
-31 pairs of spinal nerves (all mixed) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nerves that exit the brain and brain stem |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nerves that exit the spinal cord |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contain both sensory and motor fibers |
|
|
Term
| autonomic nervous system aka... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the flow of information in the autonomic nervous system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the effector organs for somatic motor system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the effector organs for autonomic motor system |
|
Definition
-Cardiac muscle
-smooth muscle
-glands |
|
|
Term
| presence of ganglia among somatic motor system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| presence of ganglia among autonomic motor system |
|
Definition
| Cell bodies of postganglionic autonomic fibers located in paravertebral, prevertebral (collateral), and terminal ganglia |
|
|
Term
| Number of neurons from CNS to effector in the somatic motor system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Number of neurons from CNS to effector in the autonomic motor system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Type of neuromuscular junction in the somatic motor system |
|
Definition
| Specialized motor end plate |
|
|
Term
| Type of neuromuscular junction in the autonomic motor system |
|
Definition
| No specialization of postsynaptic membrane; all areas of smooth muscle cells contain receptor proteins for neurotransmitters |
|
|
Term
| Effect of nerve impulse on muscle in somatic motor system |
|
Definition
Excitatory only
(nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (NAchRs)) |
|
|
Term
| Effect of nerve impulse on muscle in autonomic motor system |
|
Definition
Either excitatory or inhibitory
(G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs)) |
|
|
Term
| Type of nerve fibers in the somatic motor system |
|
Definition
| Fast-conducting, thick (9–13 μm), and myelinated |
|
|
Term
| Type of nerve fibers in the autonomic motor system |
|
Definition
| Slow-conducting; preganglionic fibers lightly myelinated but thin (3 μm); postganglionic fibers unmyelinated and very thin (about 1.0 μm) |
|
|
Term
| what the autonomic nervous system controls |
|
Definition
-Regulation of cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands
-Control of “involuntary” visceral organs & blood vessels |
|
|
Term
| what the autonomic nervous system regulates |
|
Definition
-cardiac muscle
-smooth muscle
-glands |
|
|
Term
| the central control in the autonomic nervous system |
|
Definition
-hypothalamus
-brain stem
-spinal cord |
|
|
Term
| where the preganglionic neuron is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| general scheme for how the autonomic nervous system is organized |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons in the autonomic nervous system in relation to the preganglionic and postganglionic neurons |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system consists of... |
|
Definition
-preganglionic neurons (cell bodies in the CNS)
-postganglionic neurons (cell bodies in the PNS) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cell bodies in the CNS that are part of the ANS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cell bodies in the PNS that are part of the ANS |
|
|
Term
| where the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS differ |
|
Definition
-the origination of preganglionic fibers
-the location of autonomic ganglia
-the neurotransmitters used (to some extent, mostly in the postganglionic neurons) |
|
|
Term
| General functional differences between the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS |
|
Definition
-“rest & digest” (parasympathetic)
-“fight or flight” (sympathetic) |
|
|
Term
| diagram of the general differences between the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where the preganglionic cells come from in the sympathetic division of the ANS |
|
Definition
| thoracic and lumbar segments of the spinal cord |
|
|
Term
| where the preganglionic cells come from in the parasympathetic division of the ANS |
|
Definition
-brain stem
-lowermost (sacral) part of the spinal cord |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the double row of sympathetic ganglia that run alongside the spinal cord |
|
|
Term
| prevertebral or collateral ganglia |
|
Definition
| sympathetic ganglia that are further out into the periphery than the paravertebral ganglia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| parasympathetic ganglia that are close to or within the target tissues |
|
|
Term
| the neurotransmitter released by preganglionic neurons in both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the neurotransmitter released by postganglionic neurons in the sympathetic division of the ANS |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the neurotransmitter released by postganglionic neurons in the parasympathetic division of the ANS |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the way the sympathetic chain of ganglia is set up |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| information flows into the spinal cord through ______ roots |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| information flows out of the spinal cord through ______ roots |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A sympathetic chain of ganglia (paravertebral ganglia) |
|
Definition
| line either side of the spinal cord |
|
|
Term
| ______ split from the spinal nerves via the white rami, wherein they enter the paravertebral ganglia. These preganglionic fibers branch. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Preganglionic axons split from the spinal nerves via the ______, wherein they enter the paravertebral ganglia. These preganglionic fibers branch. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Preganglionic axons split from the spinal nerves via the white rami, wherein they enter the ______. These preganglionic fibers branch. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Preganglionic axons split from the spinal nerves via the white rami, wherein they enter the paravertebral ganglia. These preganglionic fibers... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Some ______ synapse with postganglionic neurons within the sympathetic chain of ganglia; these postganglionic axons leave via the gray rami & rejoin the spinal nerves. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Some preganglionic fibers synapse with ______ within the sympathetic chain of ganglia; these postganglionic axons leave via the gray rami & rejoin the spinal nerves. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Some preganglionic fibers synapse with postganglionic neurons within the ______; these postganglionic axons leave via the gray rami & rejoin the spinal nerves. |
|
Definition
| sympathetic chain of ganglia |
|
|
Term
| Some preganglionic fibers synapse with postganglionic neurons within the sympathetic chain of ganglia; these postganglionic axons leave via the ______ & rejoin the spinal nerves. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Some preganglionic fibers synapse with postganglionic neurons within the sympathetic chain of ganglia; these postganglionic axons leave via the gray rami & rejoin the... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Some ______ simply pass through the sympathetic chain of ganglia, forming splanchnic nerves, and synapse with postganglionic neurons within collateral (prevertebral) ganglia. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Some preganglionic fibers simply pass through the ______, forming splanchnic nerves, and synapse with postganglionic neurons within collateral (prevertebral) ganglia. |
|
Definition
| sympathetic chain of ganglia |
|
|
Term
| Some preganglionic fibers simply pass through the sympathetic chain of ganglia, forming ______, and synapse with postganglionic neurons within collateral (prevertebral) ganglia. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Some preganglionic fibers simply pass through the sympathetic chain of ganglia, forming splanchnic nerves, and synapse with ______ within collateral (prevertebral) ganglia. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Some preganglionic fibers simply pass through the sympathetic chain of ganglia, forming splanchnic nerves, and synapse with postganglionic neurons within... |
|
Definition
| collateral (prevertebral) ganglia |
|
|
Term
| Some ______ innervate the adrenal medulla, causing it to secrete Epi (and Norepi) into the blood. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Some preganglionic fibers ______ the , causing it to secrete Epi (and Norepi) into the blood. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Some preganglionic fibers innervate the ______, causing it to secrete Epi (and Norepi) into the blood. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Some preganglionic fibers innervate the adrenal medulla, causing it to... |
|
Definition
| secrete Epi (and Norepi) into the blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the sympathetic system is typically activated as a single unit |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| supply (an organ or other body part) with nerves |
|
|
Term
| how information flows through the sympathetic motor neurons |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why the sympathetic chain can do mass activation (activation as a single unit) |
|
Definition
| because of the paravetebral ganglia that are so close to each other along the spinal cord |
|
|
Term
| in the ______ division of the autonomic nervous system, preganglionic fibers originate in the midbrain, medulla, pons, and sacral levels of the spinal cord |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system, ______ fibers originate in the midbrain, medulla, pons, and sacral levels of the spinal cord |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system, preganglionic fibers originate in the... |
|
Definition
| midbrain, medulla, pons, and sacral levels of the spinal cord |
|
|
Term
| in the ______ division of the autonomic nervous system, preganglionic fibers synapse with postganglionic fibers in terminal ganglia which lie close to or within target organs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system, preganglionic fibers synapse with postganglionic fibers in... |
|
Definition
| terminal ganglia which lie close to or within target organs |
|
|
Term
| Most parasympathetic fibers (are or are not) bundled within spinal nerves |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cutaneous effectors & blood vessels associated with skeletal muscle (are or are not) parasympathetically-innervated |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ carry parasympathetic preganglionic fibers |
|
Definition
| Four cranial nerve pairs (including the vagus) |
|
|
Term
| Four cranial nerve pairs (including the vagus) carry ______ preganglionic fibers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Four cranial nerve pairs (including the vagus) carry parasympathetic... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the primary route of parasympathetic innervation of the internal organs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some organs that the vagus nerves innervate |
|
Definition
-Heart
-Lungs
-Esophagus
-Stomach
-Pancreas
-Liver
-Intestines |
|
|
Term
| The preganglionic fibers of the vagus nerves originate in the... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Multiple branches of the vagus nerves synapse with postganglionic cells at... |
|
Definition
| terminal ganglia within the target tissues |
|
|
Term
| depiction of internal organs controlled by vagus nerves |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the experiment that led to the discovery of the very first neurotransmitter |
|
Definition
[image]
-"Vagus substance" refers to the neurotransmitter causing the heartbeat
-the neurotransmitter here is acetylcholine |
|
|
Term
| depiction of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system and what they control |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ANS motor neurons are named according to... |
|
Definition
| the direction of information flow relative to peripheral ganglia |
|
|
Term
| the types of neurons in the ANS |
|
Definition
-Preganglionic neuron
-Postganglionic neuron |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| carries info into the ganglion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| carries info out of the ganglion |
|
|
Term
| ANS ganglia are named according to... |
|
Definition
| the anatomical location relative to spinal cord and/or effector organs |
|
|
Term
| are Paravertebral ganglia sympathetic or parasympathetic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| are Prevertebral (collateral) ganglia sympathetic or parasympathetic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| are Terminal ganglia sympathetic or parasympathetic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
SAME = Sensory - Afferent - Motor - Efferent
DAVE = Dorsal - Afferent - Ventral - Efferent
(dorsal and ventral refers to where they come in and out of the spinal cord) |
|
|
Term
| the spinal roots that carry afferent (sensory) fibers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the spinal roots that carry efferent (motor) fibers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Preganglionic fibers of both divisions of the ANS release this neurotransmitter |
|
Definition
acetylcholine
(they're cholinergic) |
|
|
Term
| what it means for the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS to be antagonistic towards each other |
|
Definition
| Target organs display opposing behaviors due to release of different neurotransmitters |
|
|
Term
| the neurotransmitter released by most postganglionic fibers in the sympathetic division of the ANS |
|
Definition
norepinephrine
(they're (nor)adrenergic)
however, some release acetylcholine
[image] |
|
|
Term
| the neurotransmitter released by most postganglionic fibers in the parasympathetic division of the ANS |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of the neurotransmitters of the autonomic nervous system in their context |
|
Definition
[image]
red is sympathetic and blue is parasympathetic |
|
|
Term
| the receptor on the preganglionic fiber in the autonomic nervous system |
|
Definition
| nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nicotinic acetylcholine receptor |
|
|
Term
| the receptor on the postganglionic fiber in the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system |
|
Definition
| muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| muscarinic acetylcholine receptor |
|
|
Term
| the receptors on most postganglionic fibers in the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system |
|
Definition
| α1-, α2-, β1-, β2- adrenergic receptors
-these are G-protein-coupled receptors |
|
|
Term
| one difference between epinephrine and norepinephrine |
|
Definition
| norepinephrine acts as a neurotransmitter while epinephrine acts as a hormone |
|
|
Term
| how the ANS postganglionic neurons (both sympathetic and parasympathetic) interact with muscles and possible other target organs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why the response between preganglionic and postganglionic neurons is always excitatory |
|
Definition
| because acetylcholine is released and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) |
|
|
Term
| depiction of how the info flows from the preganglionic neurons to the postganglionic neurons to the target tissue |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sympathetic Adrenergic Innervation is Excitatory in some tissues, inhibitory in others; dependent on... |
|
Definition
| receptor type and intracellular machinery |
|
|
Term
| Excitatory signals in the sympathetic part of the ANS cause... |
|
Definition
| (EPSP, contraction/constriction, or vesicle release)
-Increase cardiac output (β1)
-Vasoconstriction at some viscera (α1) |
|
|
Term
| Inhibitory signals in the sympathetic part of the ANS cause... |
|
Definition
| (IPSP or relaxation/dilation):
-Relaxation of bronchioles (β2)
-Vasodilation at some viscera (β2)
-Vasodilation at skeletal muscles (β2 / muscarinic) |
|
|
Term
| the receptors on heart cells that contribute to increased cardiac output in response to an excitatory signal from the sympathetic part of the ANS |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the receptors on blood vessels that contribute to vasoconstriction at some viscera in response to an excitatory signal from the sympathetic part of the ANS |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the receptors on bronchioles that contribute to relaxation of bronchioles in response to an inhibitory signal from the sympathetic part of the ANS |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the receptors on blood vessels that contribute to vasodilation at some viscera in response to an inhibitory signal from the sympathetic part of the ANS |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the receptors on blood vessels that contribute to vasodilation at skeletal muscles in response to an inhibitory signal from the sympathetic part of the ANS |
|
Definition
| -β2 if the presynaptic cell releases norepinephrine
-muscarinic if the presynaptic cell releases acetylcholine |
|
|
Term
| All adrenergic receptors are these types of receptors |
|
Definition
| G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) |
|
|
Term
| some downstream effects of andrenergic receptors getting activated by neurotransmitters |
|
Definition
-Modulation of ion channel permeability
-Modulation of enzyme activity ( --> changes in ion channel permeability)
[image] |
|
|
Term
| what happens when β receptors get activated in the sympathetic part of the ANS? |
|
Definition
| β1-, β2-receptor activation --> increases [cAMP]i
---> smooth muscle relaxation (bronchioles; vasodilation)
---> increased heart contraction |
|
|
Term
| the signal transduction cascade for β-adrenergic signaling |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens when α1 receptors get activated in the sympathetic part of the ANS? |
|
Definition
| α1 -receptor activation --> increases [Ca2+]i --> smooth muscle contraction --> vasoconstriction at certain viscera |
|
|
Term
| what happens when α2 receptors get activated in the sympathetic part of the ANS? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the ion that flows into the cell to activate heart contraction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Effects of parasympathetic cholinergic innervation at target tissues can be excitatory or inhibitory depending on... |
|
Definition
| muscarinic receptor (mACh-R) subtype (all GPCRs) |
|
|
Term
| example of excitatory effect of parasympathetic cholinergic innervation |
|
Definition
| M3, M5 activation --> opening of Ca channels --> increased [Ca]i --> depolarization/ contraction of smooth muscles or increased gland secretions |
|
|
Term
| example of inhibitory effect of parasympathetic cholinergic innervation |
|
Definition
| M2 activation --> slows heart rate (via vagus)
[image] |
|
|
Term
| how heart rate is decreased |
|
Definition
| Parasympathetic cholinergic innervation via vagus --> M2-type muscarinic receptors --> indirectly opens K+ channels --> hyperpolarization of heart muscle cells --> slowing of heart rate
[image] |
|
|
Term
| Nicotinic vs. muscarinic receptors |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are found |
|
Definition
postsynaptic membrane of...
-all autonomic ganglia
-all neuromuscular junctions
-some CNS pathways |
|
|
Term
| the effect of the signal on the postsynaptic neuron with the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the effect of the signal on the postsynaptic neuron with the muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChR) |
|
Definition
| can be excitatory or inhibitory |
|
|
Term
| details about muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) |
|
Definition
-produces parasympathetic nerve effects in the heart, smooth muscles, and glands
-G-protein-coupled receptors (receptors influence ion channels by means of G-proteins) |
|
|
Term
| Most visceral organs are dually-innervated, which means... |
|
Definition
| they receive input from both the sympathetic and parasympathetic sides of the ANS |
|
|
Term
| the relationships that can exist between the sympathetic and parasympathetic innervations of the visceral organs |
|
Definition
-Antagonistic (most common)
-Complementary (similar effects)
-Cooperative (synergistic effects) |
|
|
Term
| some organs that are innervated only by the sympathetic division of the ANS |
|
Definition
-Adrenal medulla
-Arrector pili muscles (skin)
-Sweat glands (skin)
-Most blood vessels |
|
|
Term
| components of the iris controlled by the ANS |
|
Definition
-radial muscle
-circular muscle |
|
|
Term
| sympathetic action of the radial muscle in the iris |
|
Definition
| Contracts (dilates pupil) |
|
|
Term
| sympathetic receptor in the radial muscle in the iris |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| parasympathetic function of the circular muscle in the iris |
|
Definition
| Contracts (constricts pupil) |
|
|
Term
| parasympathetic receptor in the circular muscle in the iris |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| components of the heart controlled by the ANS |
|
Definition
-sinoatrial node
-contractility |
|
|
Term
| sympathetic function of the sinoatrial node in the heart |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sympathetic receptor in the sinoatrial node in the heart |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| parasympathetic function of the sinoatrial node in the heart |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| parasympathetic receptor in the sinoatrial node in the heart |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sympathetic function of the contractility in the heart |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sympathetic receptor in the contractility in the heart |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| parasympathetic function of the contractility in the heart |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| parasympathetic receptor in the contractility in the heart |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| components of the vascular smooth muscle controlled by the ANS |
|
Definition
-Skin, splanchnic vessels
-Skeletal muscle vessels |
|
|
Term
| sympathetic action of the Skin, splanchnic vessels in the vascular smooth muscle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sympathetic receptor in the Skin, splanchnic vessels in the vascular smooth muscle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sympathetic function of the bronchiolar smooth muscle |
|
Definition
| Relaxes (bronchodilation) |
|
|
Term
| sympathetic receptor in the bronchiolar smooth muscle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| parasympathetic function of the bronchiolar smooth muscle |
|
Definition
| Contracts (bronchoconstriction) |
|
|
Term
| parasympathetic receptor in the bronchiolar smooth muscle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| components of the skin controlled by the ANS |
|
Definition
-Pilomotor smooth muscle
-Sweat glands |
|
|
Term
| sympathetic function of the Pilomotor smooth muscle in the skin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sympathetic receptor in the Pilomotor smooth muscle in the skin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| components of the sweat glands in the skin that are controlled by the ANS |
|
Definition
-Thermoregulatory
-Apocrine (stress) in palms |
|
|
Term
| sympathetic function of the thermoregulatory in the sweat glands in the skin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sympathetic receptor in the thermoregulatory in the sweat glands in the skin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sympathetic function of the Apocrine (stress) in palms in the sweat glands in the skin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sympathetic receptor in the Apocrine (stress) in palms in the sweat glands in the skin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depiction of the Control of the ANS by the CNS |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the part of the brain that serves as command central for both the ANS and the endocrine system |
|
Definition
|
|
