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Chapter 9 study notes
There are both natural and constructed fluid systems
18
Science
8th Grade
12/11/2012

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Term
Buoyant Force
Definition

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The buoyant force is an upward force exerted by a fluid. Controls either matter will float or sink. It transports nutrients throught our bloodstream, makes pollen float in the air, and even makes boats and planes move around.

Term
Buoyancy
Definition

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The tendency of object to rise or sink in fluids because of it's difference in density with it's surrounding.

Term
Convection
Definition

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The vertical movement of fluids caused by the densities of fluids. This causes heat to be evenly distributed throughout an fluid.

Term
One Atmosphere
Definition

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The pressure exterted at sea level. Increases by 1 every 10 meters you go in water. Equivalent to

101.3kPa, and can be written as 1 atm.

Term
Hydrocephalus
Definition

Hydrocephalus is an condition where a baby has too much fluid surroundin the brain and can cause bulging skull, seizures, and even brain damage due to the increase of pressure inside the skull. Hydrocephalus can be treated using a tude to drain away the excess fluid into some other parts of the body like the abdomen.

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Term
Atmospheric Pressure
Definition

Earth’s atmosphere extends more than 160 km above Earth, and every layer of air exerts pressure on the layers below because all of the air particles are pulled toward Earth by the gravitational force. This pressure changes with altitude. As you go higher in the atmosphere, fewer air particles press against you on the outside of your body but the number of particles pressing from the inside out is still the same at the top of the mountain as it was when you were at the base of the mountain. The eardrum is a very thin membrane that responds to the difference in air pressure, if the difference in pressure on either side of the ear becomes greater, you'll experience a "pop" in your ears.

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Term
 Hydraulics
Definition

The study of pressure in liquids.

 

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Term
Hydaulic System
Definition

Devices that create pressure that moves through a liquid such as oil or water.When pressure is applied to a liquid that is continuous and enclosed in a pipe or tube, the force is transmitted along the liquid.As a result, you could apply pressure to water in a pipe at one location and the force could perform a task in another location.

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Term
Hydraulic Multiplication
Definition

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Hydraulic multiplication makes incompressible fluid increase and transmit forces from one point to another. Example:pushing on a small piston results in a force 10 times greater on a larger piston(as shown in diagram above).

Term
Pneumatics
Definition

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 The use of gas (usually air) in an enclosed system under pressure. Pneumatic systems are similar to hydraulic systems, except gases are used instead of liquids.

Term
Pneumatic System
Definition

In pneumatic systems, enclosed gases transmit force, causing motion. Most pneumastic systems are based on the fact that gases can be compressed. Therefore compressors are needed. Air pressure builds up in a compressor,and as air is released, the air particles move suddenly, creating such a strong, steady force for a short time that can perform powerful tasks.Many tools use pneumatics, from large tampers used to pack down dirt and gravel when building a road to tiny precision drills used by dentists.

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Term
Barometer
Definition

An instrument used for monitoring air pressure. Can be used to forecast weather.

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Term
Circulatory System
Definition

An example of a natural fluid system, it is also one of the most efficient natural fluid system.It transports blood throughout the body. Blood vessels are like pipelines that carry the blood to all parts of the body. At the centre of the system is a pump, the heart. The constant beating of the heart keeps the blood moving throughout the blood vessels. The valves are also an important part of this system, it is able to prevent blood from backflowing.

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Term
Diaphragm
Definition

A sheet of muscle in the lower chest that moves downward as you breathe in, and rises upward as you breath out.When you are finished inhaling, the pressure outside the body and inside the lungs is exactly the same. As you exhale, the chest cavity contracts, the diaphragm muscle moves up, and air is pushed out of the lungs.

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Term
Respiratory System
Definition

Respiratory system is the set of organs and pathways involved in breathing, breathing is partly the result of changes in air pressure. Under normal conditions, a gas
moves from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure. When you inhale, the chest cavity expands to create an area of low pressure in the lungs.Air rushes from the higher pressure outside your body to the lower pressure in your lungs. That is how you breathe.

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Term
Sphygmomanometer
Definition

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 A sphygmomanometer measures blood pressure by applying enough pressure to an artery in your arm to briefly stop the flow of blood. The doctor listens carefully with a stethoscope as the pressure of the sphygmomanometer is released. When they hears the normal flow of blood return, the pressure is determined.

Term
Static Pressure
Definition

Created when fluids are squeezed, allowing the fluid to now apply a force even though it is not moving.For example, pressing the brakes in a car compresses the fluid in the brake lines which causes the brake pads to push against the wheels, making the car come to a stop.

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Term
Dynamic Pressure
Definition

An energy that can be used directly to perform tasks, and can also be used indirectly to perform tasks.

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