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Definition
Used by scientists to describe human biological differences
Defined by geneticists as semi-isolated breeding population
Physical differences that are ornamental and not functionally important
A group with slightly different combination of physical characteristics such as:
Skin color
Hair color and texture
Amount of body hair
Eye fold
Nose and lip shape |
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| Racial traits do not include |
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Definition
| personality, values or behaviors |
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| Minority group is a category |
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Definition
| category of people denied power, prestige, and wealth on the basis of ascribed characteristics |
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| minority group shares common features: |
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Definition
possess visible traits
subject to discrimination
self-image centers on minority group membership
share common identity with others in the minority group |
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| A majority group consists of |
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Definition
| people who have dominant and powerful positions with superior resources and rights in society. |
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| one whose members are disadvantaged and subjected to unequal treatment by the dominant group and who regard themselves as objects of collective discrimination. |
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Definition
Is distinguished from other groups in society due to social and cultural characteristics associated with national background
Is socially differentiated to an important degree and develops a sense of community
Shares a common unique cultural tradition with group members
Develops its own subculture and tendency to occupy a geographic area
Unique cultural traits
Sense of community
Feeling of ethnocentricism
Ascribed membership from birth
Territoriality |
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Definition
| where one group defines itself as a distinct race superior to other biologically distinct races |
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Definition
| both physical traits and behavior are inherited, inferior and undesirable Ideology that justifies domination of another group |
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Definition
| when a person openly discriminates |
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Definition
| system of discrimination embedded in society operating in the economy, politics, criminal justice, education, entertainment, etc. |
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Definition
| formally established by law |
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Definition
| practiced because it is embedded in institutional structures |
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Definition
A negative attitude
Presumes undesirable traits exist uniformly in a group
Occurs when we judge before having the facts |
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Definition
A negative action
Treating people differently based on race or ethnicity
Often built into the social structure or institutionalized |
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Definition
| prejudice and discrimination do not always occur together |
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Term
| Unprejudiced nondiscriminator |
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Definition
| person where theory & practice join |
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Definition
| Bigot who acts on negative beliefs |
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Term
| Unprejudiced discriminator – |
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Definition
| one who discriminates where it is convenient – a fair weather liberal |
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Term
| Prejudiced nondiscriminator – |
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Definition
| Societal and legal pressure prevent attitudes from being acted upon – a timid bigot |
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Definition
| discrimination that forces behavior seeming to demonstrate the original prejudice, creating a self fulfilling prophecy |
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Term
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Definition
| overgeneralization about appearance, behavior, or other characteristics of members of particular categories. The assignment of inferior or bad qualities uniformly to a group with out allowing for individual differences. |
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Definition
| the tendency of frustrated individuals to respond with blame or aggression against a third party |
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Definition
| fear, avoidance, exclusion of foreigners. |
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Term
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Definition
Frustration-aggression hypothesis:
Authoritarian personality is characterized by: |
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Term
| Frustration-aggression hypothesis: |
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Definition
| People who are frustrated in efforts to achieve a highly desired goal will respond with a pattern of aggression toward others. |
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Term
| Authoritarian personality is characterized by: |
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Definition
excessive conformity and submissiveness to authority;
intolerance and insecurity;
rigid stereotypic thinking
High level of superstition |
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Term
| Four Major Types of Discrimination |
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Definition
| Isolate, Small-group, Direct institutionalized, Indirect institutionalized. |
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Term
| Small-group discrimination |
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Definition
| Small group of white students defacing a professor’s office with racist epithets. |
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Term
| Direct institutionalized discrimination |
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Definition
| Intentional exclusion of people of color from public accommodations. |
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Term
| Indirect institutionalized discrimination |
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Definition
| Special education classes may have contributed to racial stereotyping |
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Definition
| – process in which minorities completely absorb the majority’s culture and enter the mainstream |
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Definition
| minority is conscious of norms and values of majority, accepts them but chooses to retain its own ethnic norms and values |
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Term
| Acculturation or cultural assimilation |
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Definition
| minority accepts and adopts norms and values of majority but is refused equal status |
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| Structural assimilation or integration |
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Definition
| minority is accepted in everyday interaction with dominant group |
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Term
| Amalgamation or physical/biological assimilation |
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Definition
| biological interbreeding to become one stock when all distinctions between majority and minority are erased |
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Term
| Psychological assimilation involves |
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Definition
| a change in racial or ethnic self-identification by an individual. |
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Definition
| ethnic groups retain cultural distinctiveness but live together peacefully and seek economic and political unity |
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Term
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Definition
| policies, laws, court cases to protect minority rights (Supreme Court decision on Brown vs. Board of Education) |
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Term
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Definition
| shift populations to fit political boundaries that often occurs after wars end. Another version tries to exclude certain ethnic groups. |
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Definition
| attempt to isolate minority from majority. Dominate group maintains superiority through discriminatory law. (apartheid; Jim Crow laws) |
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Definition
| majority group attempts to exterminate or annihilate the minority |
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Term
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Definition
When people of different groups have relatively equal status, work together on a shared goal, and receive positive feedback while interacting, prejudice tends to decrease.
When they have unequal status and compete, prejudice tends to increase.
Contact can increase prejudice if people ignore anything that contradicts existing stereotypes or they may interpret behavior to enforce existing stereotypes. |
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Term
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Definition
| division of economy into two areas of employment: one high paid with more secure jobs and one with lower paid jobs characterized by little security and hazardous conditions |
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Term
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Definition
| views racial and ethnic inequality as a permanent feature of American society due to inequality between whites and (especially) African Americans arising out of slavery. |
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Term
| Latinos (Hispanic Americans) |
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Definition
Fast growing ethnic group, currently 16.3% but expected to grow to 33% by 2050 (grew 43% from 2000 to 2010)
Diverse group including people from Mexico, Puerto Rico, Cuba, Central and South American countries that share language but differ in culture and behavior
Latino poverty is increasing
Latinos compete for jobs with other minority groups leading to prejudice and discrimination
Residential segregation is increasing
High drop out rate
Under represented in government
Over represented in heavy labor (blue collar) occupations |
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Term
Racial diversity is increasing in the U.S.
In 1980 white Americans made up 80% of the population.
In 2010, non-Hispanic white Americans made up 63% of the population.
By 2056 the average U.S. resident will have roots in Africa, Asia, Hispanic or Arabian countries not European |
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Definition
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Term
| Cultural diversity refers to |
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Definition
| the variety and differences among races and ethnic groups but is also applied to appreciation for those differences without value judgments |
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