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| transfer of ownership of businesses from the government to individuals where businesses compete with one another; introduced by the government after the fall of communism to create a market economy |
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| social group that is neither rich nor poor but has enough money to buy cars, new clothing, electronics, and other luxury items |
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| workers are forced to take jobs that require less skills than they possess |
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| people who receive regular payments from the government because they are to old or too sick to work |
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| production of goods such as machinery, mining, equipment, and steel; main type of industry under Soviet rule and communism |
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| production or manufacture of consumer goods, such as clothing and household products; main type of industry after fall of communism |
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| order issued by a leader that has the force of law; rulings made by a leader without the consent of the legislature |
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| member of a small ruling group that controls great power |
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| system which will repay people who deposit their money in a bank if the bank goes out of business to make people feel safer and more willing to use the banking system |
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| campaigns to break away from the national government and form independent countries |
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| NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) |
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| Countries in fighting global terrorist activities. |
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| official prices for different goods and services |
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| prices result from competition among companies and from what consumers need, want, and are willing to pay |
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| Russia's leader when it was a Soviet republic and elected first president of Russia |
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| power is divided between national, regional, and local governments |
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| to put money into businesses run by others in the hope of making even more money |
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| the political, economic, and transportation center of Russia where a large amount of manufacturing takes place nearby |
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| Russian President who took office in 1999, strengthened presidential powers, organized the country into seven large districts and appointed governors who supported his policies |
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| chosen President of Russia in 2008 in an election that critics claimed was neither free nor democratic |
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| Muslim region near the Caucasus Mountains in southern Russia where one of the most violent separatist movements began as a struggle against terrorism |
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| Russias economy as part of the Soviet Union where the central government makes all the economic decisions |
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| caused by low birth rates and rising death rates |
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| decline in life expectancy |
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| caused by poor nutrition, alcoholism, drug abuse, pollution causing lung diseases, and decreased government spending on health care |
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| once Russia's capital, major port and trading center located near the Baltic Sea, major industrial center, and cultural center known for its palaces and churches |
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| lies south and east of Moscow and a major center of manufacturing and farming |
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| a waterway vital to economic activities which supplies water for hydro-electric power and irrigation for farmers to grow wheat, sugar beets and other crops |
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| major source for Russian resources including minerals (copper, gold, lead, nickel, and bauxite) and energy resources |
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| region with cold Artctic winds, rugged landscapes, and frozen ground making it difficult to take advantage of valuable resources such as timber and deposits of iron ore, uranium, gold and coal |
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| a russian word that means "openness" |
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| a Russian word meaning restructuring |
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| Union of Soviet Socialist Republics |
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| group of republics with communist government that was powerful, controlling nearly every part of Soviet society, and kept information secret from the outside world |
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