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| specialized cells that transduce (covert) sensory energy into neural activity |
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| region of the visual world that stimulate a receptor cell or neuron |
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| streaming of visual stimuli that accompanies an observer’s forward movement through space |
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| change in sound heard as a person moves past a sound source or as sound source moves past a person |
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| spatially organized neural representation of the external world |
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| registration of physical stimuli from the environment by the sensory organs |
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| subjective interpretation of sensations by the brain |
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| light sensitive surface at the back of the eye consisting of neurons and photoreceptor cells |
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| specialized type of retinal cell that transduces light into neural activity. 2 types: rods and cones |
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| region at the center of the retina, is specialized for high acuity, its receptive fields are at the center of the eye’s visual field |
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| region of the retina where axons forming the optic nerve leave the eye and where blood vessel enter and leave, has no photoreceptors and is thus “blind” |
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| swelling of the optic nerve |
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| swelling of the optic disc |
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| specialized cell for functioning at low light levels. Long and cylindrically shaped, and more numerous |
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| specialized cell for colour and high visual acuity. Tapered end, highly responsive in bright light |
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| one of a group of retinal neurons with axons that give rise to the optic nerve |
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| large-celled visual system neuron that is sensitive to moving stimuli |
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| small-celled visual system neuron that is sensitive to form and colour differences |
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| junction of the optic nerves, one from each eye, at which the axons form the nasal halves of retina cross to the opposite side of the brain |
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| projects from the retina to lateral geniculate nucleus to the visual cortex. bridges thalamus and striate cortex. |
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| primary visual cortex in the occipital lobe; its striped appearance when stained gave it its name |
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| projections from the retina to superior colliculus to pulvinar (Thalamus) to parietal and temporal visual areas |
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| neural route formed by axons of photosensitive retinal ganglion cells from the retina to the superchiasmatic nucleus; allows light to entrain the rhythmic activity of the SCN (superchiasmatic nucleus) |
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| cortical organization that represents functional units 6 cortical layers deep and approximately 0.5mm2 and that is perpendicular to cortical surface |
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| striate cortex that receives input from lateral geniculate nucleus |
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| extrastriate (secondary) visual cortex |
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| visual cortical areas outside the striate cortex |
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| region in visual cortex that contains colour-sensitive neurons as revealed by staining for cytochrome oxidase |
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| 2 regions on ventral surface of temporal lobes |
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| one is sepcialized for recognizing faces (fusiform face area, FFA) and other for analyzing landmarks (parahippocampal place area, PPA) |
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| 2 regions of parietal lobe related to eye movements |
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| lateral intraparietal area (LIP) and visual control of grasping is the anterior intraparietal area (AIP) |
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| amount of light reflected by an object relative to its surroundings |
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| -V1 cells respond to complex stimuli, cells are maximally excited by bars of light oriented in a particular direction -> these V1 cells are called |
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| maximally responsive to moving bars but also has a strong inhibitory area at one end of the receptive field |
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| maximally excited by bars of light moving in a particular direction through the visual field |
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| functional column in the visual cortex maximally responsive to information coming from one eye |
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| recognizing an object as remaining the same despite being viewed from different orientations |
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| explanation of colour vision based on the coding of 3 primary colours: red, green and blue |
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| explanation of colour vision that emphasizes the importance of apparently opposing pairs of colours; red vs green and blue vs yellow |
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| phenomenon whereby the perceived colour of an object tends to remain constant relative to other colours, regardless of changes in illumination |
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| blindness of an entire left or right visual field |
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| blindness of one quadrant of the visual field |
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| small blind spot in the visual field caused by a migraine or by a small lesion of the visual cortex |
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| tiny involuntary constant eye motions |
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| inability to recognize objects or drawings of objects |
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| deficit in visual control of reaching and other movements |
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