Term
| Unlike nucleic acids, proteins, and polysaccharides, lipids are not ___________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
lipids perform three biological functions:
1. _____________________________
2. _____________________________
3. _____________________________ |
|
Definition
1. biological membranes.
2. energy stores
3. signaling. |
|
|
Term
| Lipids are substances of biological origin that are soluble in organic solvents such as __________ and _________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The properties of fatty acids depend on their __________ chains. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _________ ____ are carboxylic acids with long chain hydrocarbon side groups. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____________ _____ _____ are highly flexible molecules that can assume a wide range of conformations because of there is relatively free rotation around each of their C-C bonds. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fatty acid double bonds almost always have the ____ configuration. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Triacylglycerols contain _________ ________ fatty acids. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ and ______ are complex mixtures of triacylglycerols. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Triacylglycerols function as ________ reserves. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fats are highly efficient form in which to store __________ energy. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Triacylglycerols are less __________ than carbohydrates or proteins and hence yield significantly more energy per unit mass on complete oxidation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fats provide about ___ times the metabolic energy of an equal weight of hydrated glycogen. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _________ ____ is most abundant in a subcutaneous layer. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Glycerophospholipids are ____________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___________________ are the major lipid components of biological membranes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Glycerophospholipids are amphiphilic molecules with _______ aliphatic tails and _________ phosphoryl-X heads. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Phospholipases ______ Glycerophospholipids. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____________ __hydrolytically excises tha fatty acid residue at C2, leaving a lysophospholipid. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Plasmalogens contain an _____ linkage. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ________________ are glycerophospholipids in which the C1 substituent of the glycerol moity is linked via an alpha,beta-unsaturated ether linkages. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___________, ____________, and ______ form the most common plamalogen groups. |
|
Definition
| ethanolamine choline serine |
|
|
Term
| ______________ are amino alcohol derivatives. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the most common sphingolipids, are _________ bearing either a phophocholine. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Although sphingomyelins differ chemically from phophatidylcholne and phosphatidylethanolamine, their ___________ and _________ distributions are quite similar. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___________ are ceramides with head groups that consist of a single sugar residue. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___________ are the most complex glycosphingolipids. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| disorders of ganglioside = |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ _______________ enzymes that remove phophoryl groups from proteins. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _________ contain four fused rings. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ are mostly of eukaryotic origin, are derivatives of cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ________ is the most abundant steroid in animals. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cholesterol can also be esterified to long-chain fatty acids to form ___________ ____, such as ____________ ________. |
|
Definition
| cholesteryl esters cholesteryl stearate. |
|
|
Term
| The ________, such as cortisol, affect carbohydrate, protein, and lipid metabolism. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____________ and other ____________ regulate the excretion of salt and water by the kidneys. |
|
Definition
| aldosterone mineralocorticoids |
|
|
Term
| The ___________ and _________ affects sexual development and function. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Vitamind __ regulates Ca2+ metabolism. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ (also known as coenzyme Q) is reversibly reduced and oxidized in the mitochondrial membrane. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ which are mostly of plant, fungal, and bacterial origin. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _________ is oxidized to its corresponding aldehyde, retinal, which functions as the eye's photoreceptor |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______________ ____ is a lipid synthesized by plants as phylloquinone and bacteria as menaquinone. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _________ __ is actually a group of compounds whose most abundant membrane is alpha-tocopherol |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____________ are derived from arachidonic acid. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Prostaglandis and related compounds prostacyclins, thromboxanes, leukotrienes, and lipoxins are known as _________ because they are all ___ compounds. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In humans, the most important eicosanoid precursor is ____________ _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| arachidonate is stored in cell membranes as the C2 ester of _____________ and other phospholipids. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____________ is a fluid structure in which lipids rapidly diffuse laterally. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bilayer formation is driven by the __________ effect. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A suspension of phospholipids (glycerophospholipids or sphingomyelins) can form _________-closed, self-sealing solvent-filled vesicles that are bounded by only a single bilayer. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lipid bilayers have _______ properties. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The transfer of a lipid molecule across a bilayer, a process termed _________ _______ or a ________. |
|
Definition
| transverse diffusion flip-flop |
|
|
Term
| _____________ ___________ lipids are highly mobile in the plane of the bilayer. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___________ ______ _______, in which the time-dependent positions of atoms are predicted from calculation of the forces actin on them. |
|
Definition
| molecular dynamics simulations |
|
|
Term
| The fluid of a lipid bilayer is __________ dependent. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| As a lipid bilayer cools below a characteristic ____________ _________, it undergoes a sort of phase change in which it becomes a gel-like solid; that is it loses _______. |
|
Definition
| transition temperature fluidity |
|
|
Term
| Cholesterol, which by itself does not form a _________, decreases membrane _________ because its rigid steroid ring system interferes with the motions of the fatty acide side chains in other membrane lipids. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _________ ________ proteins contain structure consisting of alpha helices and beta barrel with a hydrophobic surface. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___________ proteins have a covalently attached prenyl group, fatty acyl group, ore glycosylphosphatidylinositol group. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _________ _________ proteins interact noncovalently with proteins or lipids at the membrane surface. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Integral membrane proteins interact with ______________ lipids. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ or _________ proteins associate tightly with membranes through hydrophobic interactions. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Integral proteins are asymmetrically oriented ____________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _________ _________, a technique employing agents that react with proteins but cannot penetrate membranes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Glycophorin A has _______ domains. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Glycophorin A is a ___________ ___ protein; that is, it completely spans the membrane. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Biological membranes are asymmetric in that a particular membrane protein is invariably located on only ____ particular face of the ___________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Transmembrane proteins may contain _____ _________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nigel Unwin and Richard Henderson used __________ _____________ to determine the structure of the integral membrane protein bacteriorhodopsin. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In integral proteins, the solvent is the _________ __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Some _________________ proteins contain beta barrels. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Beta barrels occur in _______, which are channel-forming proteins in the outermembrane of gram-negative bacteria. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lipid-linked proteins are ________ to the bilayer. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| lipid-linked proteins come in three varieties: _________, _______ and __________. |
|
Definition
| prenylated fatty glycosylphosphatidylinositol-linked |
|
|
Term
| ____________ proteins have covalently attached lipids that are built from isoprene units. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The most common isoprenoid groups are ________ and ______________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The most common prenylation site in protiens is the ______________ tetrapeptide. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___________ is stable: the fatty acyl group remains attached to the protein throughout its lifetime. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In ______________, the saturated C16 fatty acid palmitic acid is joined in thioester linkage to a specific Cys residue. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The palmitoyl group can be removed by the action of _____________ __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ prteins associate loosely with membranes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ or ________ proteins, unlike integral membrane proteins or linked proteins, can be dissociated from membranes by ralively mild procedures that leave the membrane intact. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The dynamic arrangement and interactions of membrane lipids and proteins are described by ______ _________ model |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The membrane _________ gives the cell shape yet is flexible. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lipids are not __________ uniformly throughout a membrane and may form _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The __________ pathway describes the transmembrane passage of membrane and secreted proteins. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Different types of _______ vesicles transport proteins between cellular compartments. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The fluid mosaic model accounts for _________ diffusion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The demonstrated fluidity of artificial lipid bilayer suggest that biological membranes have _________ properties. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Jonathan Singer and Garth Nicolson |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The rates of diffusion of proteins in membranes can be determined from measurements of ____________ ______ ______ _____________. |
|
Definition
| fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) |
|
|
Term
| __________ in this technique, a flurophore (fluorescent group) is specifically attached to a membrane component in an immobilized cell. |
|
Definition
| fluorescence recovery after photbleaching (FRAP). |
|
|
Term
| _________ measurements demonstrate that membrane proteins vary in their lateral diffusion rates. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The membrane skeleton helps define cell _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Membranous particles are known as erythrocyte _______ because, on return to physiological conditions, they reseal to form colorless particles that retain their original shape but are devoid of cytoplasm. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The protein ________, so called because it was discovered in erythrocyte ghosts, accounts for ____% of the erythrocyte membrane skeleton. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A defect or deficiency in spectrin synthesis causes _________ ___________, in which erythrocytes are spheroidal and relatively fragile and inflexible. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ankyrin's N-terminal 798-residue segment consists almost entirely of 24 tandem ~33-residue repeats known as _________ _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Support for this _____ and _____ models comes from the finding that partial destruction of the cytoskeleton results in freer protein diffusion. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Membrane lipids are distributed _________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| membrane ____________ and _________ are invariably oriented with their carbohydrate moieties facing the cell's exterior. |
|
Definition
| glycoproteins glycolipids |
|
|
Term
| In eukaryotes, the enzymes that synthesize membrane lipids are mostly integral membrane proteins of the ___________ __________. |
|
Definition
| endoplasmic reticulum (ER) |
|
|
Term
Phospholipid flip-flops in bacteria as well as eukaryotes appear to be facilitated in two ways:
1._______________________
2._______________________ |
|
Definition
1. flippases catalyze the flip-flop of specific phospholipids.(facilitated diffusion)
2. phospholipid translocases transport specific phospholipids across a bilayer in a process that is driven by ATP hydrolysis. (active transport) |
|
|
Term
| In all cells, new membranes are generated by the expansion of ________ membranes. |
|
Definition
|
|
