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Chapter 9 inheritance of personality
inheritance of personality
32
Psychology
Undergraduate 4
06/15/2014

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Term
2 different biological approaches to consider how persoanlity can be inherited:
Definition
  1. behavioral genetics
  2. evolutionary psychology
Term
behavioral genetics
Definition
attempts to explain how indvidual differences in behvaior-personality traits are passed form parent to child and shared by biological relatives
Term
evolutionary psychology
Definition
attempts to explain how paternes of behvaior that characterize all humans orginated in the survival value these characteristics provided over the history of the speices.
Term
personality trait
Definition
A pattern of behavior relevant to more than one situation
Term
eugenics
Definition
the belief that humanity could (and should) be improved through selective breeding
Term
phenotype
Definition
the observeable traits of a person
Term
genotype
Definition
the underlying genetic structure
Term
monozygotic twins
Definition
identical MZ (one egg)
Term
Dizygotic DZ twins
Definition

Franternal twins ("two-egg")

fertilized by two different sperm; dorn at the same time, but they are no diiferent from siblings born at different times, genetically

Term
the basic assumption of behavioral genetics is that if a trait or a behavior is influenced by genes, then....
Definition
the trait and behaviorial scores of identical (MZ) twins ought to be more highly correlated than the scores of fraternal (DZ) twins.
Term

A statistic called the HERITABILITY COEFFICIENT

 

heritability quotient= (r mz -r dz) X 2

Definition

is computed to reflect this influence between the twins/gene/traits

 

Term
genes matter
Definition
not all personality comes from the enviro. personality is also inherited through genes
Term
severe mental retardation
Definition

IQ under 50, where average is 100 it is not heritable

the cause is probably related to the enviroment, because if you have a moderate retarded person their IQ is 50-69-85 ( it is heritable) IQ scores are heritable. but severe mental retardation is not hertible ;/

Term
Does the family matter?
Definition
in recent research meta-analysis that summarized the results of many studies concluded that the shared familyenviroment was important in the development of many forms of psychopathology btwn childhood and adolcence, including conduct disorder,rebelliousness,anxiety,and depression ONE EXCEPTION ADHD in this case family enviro. did not matter this outcome might come directly under the control of genes.
Term
nature vs. nurture in relation to heritability
Definition

heritbablity is the proportion of variation due to genetic influence, if there is no variation, then the heritablity will approach zero.

(the less a trait varies across individuals the lower heritability is likley to be) likeise if a trait has low heritablity-->trait may vary less across individuals or it may be the trait that dpends less on ones genes.

Term
association method
Definition
tries to determine whther differences in a trait correlate with differences in a particular gene across individuals.
Term
Gene DRD4
Definition
affects development of dopamine receptors associated with behavioral and emotional control
Term
ADHD
Definition

DRD4 gene is associated with this

making sens eb/c of the assocation btwn dopamine and brain regulation of cognition and behavior- related to the trait of impulsivity

Term
5-HTT -->Alleles
Definition
  1. 5-HTT gene associated with serotonin transporter protein, has two variants, _____.
  2. chromosomal structure is long and short
  3. short structure: score high in neroticism; amygdala responds in higher activity to fearful, unpleaseant stimuli
  4. regulates the degree to which the amygdala and the prefrontal cortex work toegther (imp. to brain structure of depression)
Term
gene COMT
Definition

associated with higher levels of dopamine in the prefrontal cortex and also with extraversion and reasoing ability

this is so cool because it connects gene/neurotrasmitter/trait/and imp.aspect of intelligence

Term
the genotype is important but only for people who....
Definition
have experiences a certain kind of enviroment
Term
MAOA gene
Definition

influences functioning of a range of neurotrasmitters including norepinphrine, serotonin and dopamine

 

study showed that boys with low MAOA activity showed 85% exhibited "some form of anti-socil behavior" only if the boy had suffered from maltreatment.

Term
EPIGENETICS
Definition
  1. has begun to document how experience, early on in life, can determine how or even whether the gene is expressed during development
  2. genes can change the enviroment and the enviroment can change the genes.
Term
Genome-wide assocation (GWA)
Definition
in a ____study data concerning hundreds of thousands of genes and patterns of genes in thousands of people are dumped into a computer, toegtehr with data about these individuals personalites. The comp. finds patterns or genes assocaited w/particular traits. Then the trick is to find out the associations between and in different samples or subjects.
Term
Evolutionary approach
Definition

asumes that human behavioral patterns developed because they were helpful or necessary for survival in an evolutionary history of species.

in relation to personality, is to identify a common behavior pattern and then ask how it might have been adaptive (benificial to survival and reproduction) for the human species across the millennia.

Term
agression in evolutionary persepctive
Definition

this can help people protect his territory, property, and mates, and also lead to domincance in a social group and higher status.

flip side: it can produce murder, fighting, war

Term
altruism from an evolutionary perspective
Definition

you help someone then they will help you, growing crops, i grow a crops of food yours fails, i help you this winter and you help me next winter when my crop potentially fails.

to aid and protect other people, espicially close relatives, because you wnat your genes to survive, so your genes make it to the next generation (called inclusive fitness), even through your relatives, even if you dont produce off spring.

Term
self-esteem from an evolutionary perspective: SOCIOMETER THEORY
Definition
  1. developed by psychologist Mark Leary, our feelings of self-esteem evovled to monitor the degree to which we are acccepted by others.
  2. signs that we are not adequatley valued and accepted cause out self-esteem to go down, motivating us to do things that will cause others to think better of us so that we can think better of ourselves.
Term
Depression from an evolutionary perspective: KELLER AND NEESE; DESCRIBE DEPRESSION HAVING DIFFERENT KINDS AND CAUSES:
Definition
  1. evovled as a useful adpation
  2. different kinds of depressions have different causes.

1. depression of social loss: a break up with a bf or gf or bereavement is characterized by pain, crying and social support

2. depression that follows failfure: failing an exam or getting fired is charcterized by fatigue, pessimism, shame, guilt.

  • pain signals that something is wrong and must be fixed. SO WHEN SOMETHING IS WRONG WITH YOUR SOCIAL LIFE IT SIGNALS THAT YOUR CHNACES OF REPRODUCTION OR EVEN SURVIVING MAY BE AT RISK.
  • crying=social support
  • fatigue and pessimism= preventing one from wasting energy  & resources on fruitless endevours.
  • they sugested that blocking normal depressive systems could cause chronic negitive life situations, even if the suffer feels better, b/c they will be more likley to loose valuable attachments/persist at unacheivable pursits, less able to learn from mistakes, unable to recruit friends during adverse situations.
  • sometimes, we need to feel the pain.
Term
MATING BEHAVIOR FROM AN EVOLUTIONARY PERSPECTIVE:
Definition
a behavioral pattern that has percieved attention from evolutionary psychologists is the variation btwn men and women.
Term
mate selection
Definition
particular differences stand out in __________ and attraction- what one looks for in the opposite sex
Term
mating strategies
Definition
how one handels heterosexual relationships.
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