Term
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Definition
Spans the years 2 to 7; the most obvious change is an extraordinary increase in representational, or
symbolic, activity. |
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Term
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Definition
| The make-believe with others that is under way by the end of the second year and that increases rapidly in complexity during early childhood. |
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Term
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Definition
| Viewing a symbolic object as both an object in its own right and a symbol. |
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Term
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Definition
| Failure to distinguish the symbolic viewpoints of others from one’s own. |
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Term
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Definition
The belief that inanimate objects have
lifelike qualities, such as thoughts, wishes, feelings, and intentions. |
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Term
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Definition
Refers to the idea that certain physical characteristics of objects remain the same, even when their outward
appearance changes. |
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Term
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Definition
| They focus on one aspect of a situation, neglecting other important features. |
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Term
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Definition
| An inability to mentally go through a series of steps in a problem and then reverse direction, returning to the starting point. |
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Term
| Hierarchical Classification |
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Definition
| The organization of objects into classes and subclasses on the basis of similarities and differences. |
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Term
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Definition
| Children’s self-directed speech is now called private speech instead of egocentric speech. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process by which two participants who begin a task with different understandings arrive at a shared understanding. |
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Term
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Definition
| Adjusting the support offered during a teaching session to fit the child’s current level of performance. |
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Term
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Definition
| A broader concept than scaffolding. It refers to shared endeavors between more expert and less expert participants, without specifying the precise features of communication. |
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Term
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Definition
| Thinking out a sequence of acts ahead of time and allocating attention accordingly to reach a goal. |
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Term
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Definition
| Deliberate mental activities that improve our chances of remembering. |
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Term
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Definition
| Your memory for everyday experiences. |
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Term
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Definition
| General descriptions of what occurs and when it occurs in a particular situation. |
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Term
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Definition
When given challenging problems, children
try out various strategies and observe which work best,
which work less well, and which are ineffective. |
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Term
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Definition
| “Thinking about thought” (the prefix meta- means “beyond”or “higher”). |
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Term
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Definition
| Children’s active efforts to construct literacy knowledge through informal experiences. |
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Term
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Definition
| The ability to reflect on and manipulate the sound structure of spoken language. |
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Term
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Definition
| Order relationships between quantities. |
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Term
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Definition
That the last number in a counting sequence indicates
the quantity of items in the set. |
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Term
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Definition
| Teachers provide activities from which children select, and much learning takes place through play. |
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Term
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Definition
| Teachers structure children’s learning, teaching letters, numbers, colors, shapes, and other academic skills through formal lessons, often using repetition and drill. |
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Term
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Definition
| Most extensive of the federal programs, began in 1965. A typical Head Start center provides children with a year or two of preschool, along with nutritional and health services. Parent involvement is central to the Head Start philosophy. |
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Term
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Definition
| Connect new words with their underlying concepts after only a brief encounter. |
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Term
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Definition
| The assumption that words refer to entirely separate (nonoverlapping) categories. |
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Term
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Definition
| Observing how words are used in syntax, or the structure of sentences. |
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Term
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Definition
| Once children acquire these markers, they sometimes overextend the rules to words that are exceptions. |
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Term
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Definition
| Young children rely on semantics, or word meanings, to figure out grammatical rules. |
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Term
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Definition
Children must learn to engage in effective and appropriate communication—by taking turns, staying on the same topic, stating their messages clearly, and conforming to cultural rules for social interaction. Practical, social side
of language. |
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Term
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Definition
| Restructuring inaccurate speech into correct form. |
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Term
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Definition
| Elaborating on children’s speech, increasing its complexity. |
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