Term
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Definition
| removal or destruction of ALL microbes |
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Term
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Definition
| treatment of inanimate objects; cannot inhibit endospores or some viruses |
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Term
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Definition
| when a chemical is used on skin or other tissues |
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Term
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Definition
| the use of heat to kill pathogens/spoilage microbes in food and beverages |
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Term
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Definition
stop binary fission but DOES NOT KILL cells
done with LOW TEMPERATURES |
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Term
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Definition
KILLS CELLS
done at HIGH TEMPERATURES |
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Term
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Definition
| the permanent loss of reproductivity ability under ideal environmental conditions (HAS PERMANENTLY LOST ABILITY TO UNDERGO BINARY FISSION) |
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Term
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Definition
processes that are damaging the cell leading to death
1. alteration of cell wall and cell membrane
2. damage to proteins and nucleic acids
*we target these things because they are essential structures and processes that will cause cell to die if damaged |
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Term
| what does alteration of a cell wall or cell membrane do? |
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Definition
-damage to cell wall makes the cell more susceptible to hypotonic environments
- damage to the cell membrane would allow cellular contents to leak out
- damage to a viral envelope would prevent viral replication |
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Term
| what does damaging proteins and nucleic acids do? |
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Definition
- denatured proteins cease to function, bringing about cellular death
- damage to nucleic acid molecules could produce fatal mutations and stop protein synthesis |
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Term
| what factors affect how effective treatment is? |
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Definition
1. THE SITE TO BE TREATED: is it animate or inanimate? will it have to penetrate tissue/ mucous membrane or only contact the surface?
2. THE RELATIVE SUSCEPTIBILITY OF MICROBES THAT ARE PRESENT:
(most resistant>) prions, bacterial endospores, mycobacteria, cysts of protozoa, active-stage protozoa, most gram negative bacteria, fungi, non enveloped viruses, most gram positive bacteria, enveloped viruses (
3. ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS: temperature and pH affect effectiveness of treatments. Is organic material present? this also effects effectiveness. |
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Term
| physical methods vs chemical methods of treatment |
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Definition
PHYSICAL:
- heat related: all achieve sterilization, moist heat (boiling, autoclaving, pasteurization) OR dry heat (over, complete incineration)
- refrigeration and freezing: don't kill so they do not achieve sterilization
- desiccation: dehydration at room temperature, doesn't achieve sterilization
- filtration: achieves sterilization (good for liquids that are heat sensitive)
- osmotic pressure: controls growth but not sterilization because endospores are not susceptible
- radiation: achieves sterilization
CHEMICAL METHODS
- phenolics, alcohols, ozidizing agents, heavy metals, surfactants.
- used primarily as disinfectants and antiseptics, endospores are typically resistant. |
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Term
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Definition
dehydration at room temp
* DOESNT ACHIEVE STERILIZATION |
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Term
| why does osmotic pressure not achieve sterilization? |
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Definition
| osmotic pressure controls growth but because endospores are not susceptible to be harmed by this it doesn't achieve COMPLETE sterilization, it is used for FOOD PRESERVATION |
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Term
| which PHYSICAL methods of treatment achieve sterilization?? |
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Definition
- (gamma rays) (uv can achieve but not reliably)
- dry oven or autoclave
- filtration
(osmotic pressure, boiling, mild heat, pasteurization, uv radiation, desiccation, refrigeration, and freezing do not achieve sterilization) |
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Term
| do CHEMICAL methods of treatment sterilize? |
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Definition
| NO, primarily used as disinfectants and antiseptics because endospores are resistant. |
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Term
| disinfection vs antiseptic? |
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Definition
antiseptic on skin
disinfection on inanimate objects |
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Term
| modes of action vs mechanisms of action |
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Definition
modes of action= chemical or physical
mechanisms= specific cellular targets |
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Term
| what are the mechanisms of action or cellular targets of controlling growth? (antibiotics) |
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Definition
1. inhibition of cell wall synthesis
2. inhibition of protein synthesis (very complex so useful for targeting specific part)
3.disruption of cytoplasmic membrane
4. inhibition of DNA or RNA synthesis (only synthesis disrupted)
5. inhibition of general metabolic pathway such as folic acid (inhibiting folic acid synthesis which is needed to make DNA and RNA in prokaryotes, but not in eukaryotes. prokaryotes dies from not making folic acid)
6. inhibition of pathogens attachment or entry into host celll ( mostly for viruses) |
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Term
| what does inhibition of folic acid do? |
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Definition
prevents PROKARYOTIC cells from making DNA and RNA
(doesn't affect eukaryotic so its good for antibiotic use) |
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Term
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Definition
| antibiotics are selectively toxic so they they interrupt SOMETHING SPECIFIC to the bacteria/ prokaryotic cell |
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Term
| we want to ____________ selective toxicity in order to kill only the ______________ cell and not the ___________ cell |
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Definition
| we want to use INCREASE selective toxicity in order to kill only the PROKARYOTE and not the EUKARYOTE |
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Term
| the more selectively toxic an antibiotic is the less toxic it is for _____________ |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the 5 cellular targets in order of ranking? (not including inhibition of attachment which is mostly for viruses) |
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Definition
1. inhibition of cell wall synthesis (selective) (we don't have a cell wall)
2. inhibition of folic acid synthesis (selective) (we don't make folic acid)
3. inhibition of protein synthesis (ribosomes differ, could be selectively toxic)
4. inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis (toxic)
5. disruption of cell membrane (toxic) |
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Term
| side effects of antibiotics |
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Definition
- toxicity
-allergies
- disruption of normal microbiota
- secondary infections/super infection - result because you took an antibiotic
- antibiotic kills all bacteria it can. whatever it leaves behind may be able to grow more in number and cause a second infection such as a yeast infection) (yeast is fungal and cannot be killed by antibiotic so yeast flourishes when other bacteria are killed) |
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Term
| how would an individual, existing cell gain the ability to resist the effect of an antibiotic? |
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Definition
| because antibiotic use selects for resistant bacteria (it kills off the ones that are not resistant leaving ones that are and causing the population to shift to more resistant) *WE don't become resistant, its the bacteria that is becoming resistant |
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Term
| to begin a populations phenotype may be__________but then overtime by use of antibiotics the phenotype changes to_________________ |
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Definition
drug sensitive> drug resistant
*demonstrates evolution and survival of the fittest |
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Term
| where do resistant cells come from? |
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Definition
1. binary fission- if parent cell has gene for antibiotic resistance it will pass on to offspring
2. if a parent cell is not resistance and daughter cell shoes evidence of antibiotic resistance this is due to a MUTATION
3. a cell born sensitive how can it gain the ability to have resistance? HORIZONTAL GENE TRANSFER |
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Term
| how would an individual, existing cell gain the ability to resist the effects of an antibiotic? |
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Definition
| an existing cell can gain material through horizontal gene transfer (conjugation, transformation, or transduction) |
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Term
| what are the three types of horizontal gene transfer? |
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Definition
1. conjugation
2. transformation
3. transduction |
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Term
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Definition
1. enzymatic destruction
2. slow/prevent entry
3. alter target
4. efflux pumps- cell has to make this pump (transport protein) and put it into its membrane (requires new genetic material) (pumps out antibiotic as soon as it enters, they are not antibiotic specific so bacterial cells that make these pumps are resistant to most antibiotics)
5. biofilms- cells in biofilm have resistance to an antibiotic because they make the extracellular matrix which is very hard to penetrate so antibiotics can't get to cells giving them protection |
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Term
| if an antibiotic is resistant to methacyclin this means what |
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Definition
| it is very resistant, probably to many other things as well |
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Term
| enzymatic destruction of antibiotic |
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Definition
| bacterial cell makes enzymes which destroy the antibiotics (enzymes are selective) |
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Term
| slowing and preventing entry of antibiotic |
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Definition
| cell can't make receptor so antibiotic can't get in |
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Term
| altering the target of the antibiotic |
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Definition
| the antibiotics target on the cell is altered so that it can no longer bind to where it wants to. |
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Term
| what are our options of treatment when these bacterial cells are so resistant? |
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Definition
1. sufficiently high concentration of drug maintained for a long enough time to inhibit the pathogen
2. use of antibiotics in combination
3. limit use of antibiotics to necessary cases
(50% of sore throats and 30% of ear infections are viral, not bacterial)
4. develop new drugs *there is a new gram positive bacteria targeting antibiotic that can cill methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus |
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Term
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Definition
| classically the treatment uses a bacteriophage, or cocktail of severe, to specifically target the lyse of target pathogenic bacteria |
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Term
| what is an example of when bacteriophage are being used for treatment? |
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Definition
| MEATS!! used to treat and make meats safer |
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Term
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Definition
probiotic- "for life" "keeps alive". something we ingest that contains beneficial living microbes that enhance and increase number of beneficial microbes in GI tract
antibiotic- "against life" "kills" |
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Term
| what do cold temperatures do? |
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Definition
1. inhibit metabolism
2. food preservation |
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Term
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Definition
1. denatures proteins, destroys membrane
STERILIZATION |
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Term
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Definition
1. denatures proteins, destroys membranes
DISINFECTION |
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Term
| what does mild heat, killing pathogens, and spoilage microbes do? |
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Definition
denatures proteins, destorys membranes
*PASTEURIZATION |
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Term
| what does an autoclave do? |
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Definition
denatures proteins, destroys membranes
STERILIZATION |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
damage DNA
DISINFECTION
*CAN ACHIEVE STERILIZATION BUT NOT RELIABLY |
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Term
| out of gamma rays and UV radiation which one disinfects and which one sterilizes? |
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Definition
gamma rays sterilize
uv radiation disinfects |
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Term
| osmotic pressure does what |
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Definition
inhibits metabolism
*FOOD PRESERVATION |
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Term
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Definition
disrupts cell membranes
DISINFECTION OR ANTISEPSIS |
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Term
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Definition
denature proteins, disrupt cell membranes
DISINFECTION AND ANTISEPSIS |
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Term
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Definition
separates microbes from air and liquids
STERILIZATION |
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Term
| are enveloped or non enveloped viruses harder to kill? |
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Definition
| non enveloped are harder to kill because the envelope makes for an easy target |
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Term
| log phase vs stationary phase cells |
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Definition
log phase are more susceptible because they are synthesizing and this is disrupted
Bacteria most susceptible in log phase due to production of new cells
Antibiotics inhibit cell wall formation
Antibiotics inhibit DNA replication
Antibiotics inhibit protein synthesis |
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Term
| some examples of environmental conditions that affect treatment are |
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Definition
- porous of smooth surface
- organic materials present?
- animate of inanimate? |
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Term
standard petri dishes are made out of heat-sensitive plastic, but ned to be sterilized before use. how can we do this?
once the plate has been used for bacterial culture, it once again must be sterilized. considering it is only used once (disposable) how might this be achieved? |
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Definition
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Term
| any treatment of skin is referred to as |
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Definition
| antisepsis (soap, alcohol) |
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Term
| how is antisepsis achieved |
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Definition
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Term
| a needle that is heat stable needs to be made safe |
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Definition
autoclave (high pressure steam)
sterilization |
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Term
| the antibiotic which is heat sensitive, needs to be prepared for injection what method should you use? |
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Definition
| filtration, which achieves sterilization because its going in the body |
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Term
| alcohol is used to wipe of a stethoscope, what outcome is this? |
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Definition
| disinfection (because its not penetrating this is sufficient) |
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Term
| chemotherapeutic agents are? |
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Definition
what are used to control microbial growth inside human host
1. antibiotics, antivirals, antifungals |
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Term
in most cases what essential cellular structure is interrupted to control growth?
because of this are log phase more or less susceptible? |
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Definition
SYNTHESIS
log phase are more susceptible because they are synthesizing new cells! |
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Term
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Definition
Degerming is the removal of microbes from a surface by
scrubbing, such as when you wash your hands or a nurse prepares an area of skin for an injection. Though chemicals such
as soap or alcohol are commonly used during degerming, the
action of thoroughly scrubbing the surface may be more important than the chemical in removing microbes. |
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Term
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Definition
is the process of disinfecting places and
utensils used by the public to reduce the number of pathogenic microbes to meet accepted public health standards. For
example, steam, high-pressure hot water, and scrubbing are
used to sanitize restaurant utensils and dishes, and chemicals are used to sanitize public toilets. |
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Term
| sanitation vs disinfection |
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Definition
sanitation- PUBLIC
disinfection- HOME/ NOT PUBLIC |
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