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Chapter 9
Sleep and Biological Rhythms
59
Psychology
Graduate
11/03/2016

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Term
Electromyogram (EMG)
Definition
An Electrical potential recorded from an electrode placed on or in a muscle.
Term
Electro-oculogram (EOG)
Definition
An electrical potential from the eyes, recorded by means of electrodes placed on the skin around them; detects eye movements.
Term
Alpha Activity
Definition
Smooth electrical activity of 8-12Hz recorded from the brain; generally associated with a state of relaxation.
Term
Beta Activity
Definition
Irregular electrical activity of 13-30Hz recorded from the brain; generally associated with a state of arousal.
Term
Desynchrony
Definition
Many different neural circuits in the brain are actively processing information.
Term
Stage 1
Definition
Contains Theta Activity
Term
Stage 2
Definition
Contains sleep spindles and k complex
Term
Stage 3
Definition
Contains Delta Activity
Term
REM
Definition
Contains Theta and Beta activity
Term
Theta Activity
Definition
EEG activity of 2.5-7.5 Hz that occurs intermittently during early stages of slow wave sleep and REM sleep. - hypnic jerks
Term
Delta Activity
Definition
Regular synchronous electrical activity of less than 4Hz recorded from the brain; occurs during the deepest stages of slow-wave sleep.
Term
REM sleep
Definition
A period of desynchronized EEG activity during sleep, at which time dreaming, rapid eye movements, and muscular paralysis occur; also called paradoxical sleep. - loss of muscle tone-
Term
REM Sleep
Definition
-EEG desyncrhony
-lack of muscle tones
-rapid eye movements
-penile eye movements or vaginal secretion
-dreams
Term
Slow-wave sleep
Definition
-EEG synchrony
-Moderate muscle tone
-slow or absent eye movements
-lack of genital activity
Term
Prefrontal Cortex
Definition
Low activity in this region during REM; reflects the lack of organization and planning that occur in dreams.
Term
Extrastriate Cortex
Definition
High activity in this region during REM; reflects visual hallucinations during dreaming
Term
Striate Cortex
Definition
Low activity in this region during REM due to lack of visual input.
Term
Lucid Dreaming
Definition
An awareness that they are dreaming and are not awake
Term
Fatal Familial Insomnia
Definition
A fatal inherited disorder characterized by progressive insomnia.
Term
Rebound Phenomenon
Definition
The increased frequency or intensity of a phenomenon after it has been temporary suppressed: for example, the increase in REM sleep seen after a period of REM sleep deprivation.
Term
Adenosine
Definition
A neuromodulator that is released by neurons engaging in high levels of metabolic activity; may play a primary role in the initiation of sleep.
Term
Neocortex and Hippocampus
Definition
ACh levels are high in these regions during waking and REM sleep.
Term
Locus Coeruleus
Definition
A dark-colored group of noradrenergic cell bodies located in the pons near the rostral end of the floor of the fourth ventricle; involved in arousal and vigilance.
Term
Raphe Nuclei
Definition
A group of nuclei located in the reticular formation of the medulla, pons, and midbrain, situated along the midline; contain serotonergic neurons.
Term
Histamine
Definition
A neuortransmitter synthesized from the amino acid histidine; plays an important role in maintenance of wakefullness and arousal.
Term
Tubermammillary Nucleus (TMN)
Definition
A nucleus in the ventral posterior hypothalamaus, just rostral to the mammillary bodies; contains histaminergic neurons involved in cerebral activation and behavioral arousal.
Term
Histamine Levels
Definition
High levels during waking and low during slow-wave and REM sleep.
Term
Increase cortical activation and arousal directly
Definition
Projections to the cerebral cortex of histamine.
Term
Increase cortical activation indirectly by releasing ACh.
Definition
Projections to the basal forebrain and dorsal pons
Term
Orexin
Definition
Peptide neurotransmitter that is secreted by the lateral hypothalamus.
Term
Orexin projections
Definition
Projected to cerebral cortex, locus coeruleus, raphe nuclei, tubemammillary nucleus, ad acetylcholinerigc neruons, dorsal pons and basal forebrain.
Term
homeostatic
Definition
If we go without sleep for a long time, we will eventually become sleepy.
Term
Allostatic
Definition
When we are being threatened by a dangerous situation or when we are dehydrated and are looking for some water to drink.
Term
Circadian
Definition
Time of day factors, tend to restrict our period of sleep.
Term
Preoptic Area
Definition
Anterior hypothalamus - the area most involved in sleep.
Term
Ventrolateral preoptic area (vlPOA)
Definition
A group of GABAergic neurons int he preotpic area whose activity suppresses alertness and behavioral arousal and promotes sleep.
Term
Sublateral Dorsal Nucleaus (SLD)
Definition
A region of the dorsal pons, just ventral to the locus coeruleus that contains REM-ON neurons; part of the REM flip-flop.
Term
Ventrolateral Periaqueductal Gray Matter (vlPAG)
Definition
A region of the dorsal midbrain that contains REM-OFF neurons, part of the REM flip-flop.
Term
Primary Insomnia
Definition
Characterized as difficultly falling asleep after going to bed or after awakening during the night.
Term
Secondary Insomnia
Definition
An inability to sleep due to another mental or physical condition such as pain, substance use, or a psychological or neurological condition.
Term
Sleep Apnea
Definition
Cessation of breathing while sleeping for at least 10 seconds.
Term
Narcolepsy
Definition
A sleep disorder characterized by periods of irresistible sleep, attacks or cataplexy, sleep paralysis, and hynagogic hallucinations.
Term
Sleep Attack
Definition
A symptom of narcolepsy; an irresisible urge to sleep during the day, after which the person awakens feeling refreshed.
Term
Cataplexy
Definition
A symptom of narcolepsy; complete paralysis that occurs during waking.
Term
Sleep paralysis
Definition
A symptom of narcolepsy; paralysis occurring just before a person falls asleep.
Term
Hypnogogic Hallucinations
Definition
A symptom of narcolepsy; vivid dreams that occur just before a person falls asleep; accompanied by sleep paralysis.
Term
REM Sleep Behavior Disorder (RBD)
Definition
A neurological disorder in which the person does not become paralyzed during REM sleep and thus acts out dreams.
Term
Nocturnal Enuresis
Definition
Bedwetting
Term
Somnambulism
Definition
Sleep Walking
Term
Pavor Nocturnus
Definition
Night Terrors
Term
Sleep-related eating diosrder
Definition
A disorder in which the person leaves his or her bed and seeks out and eats food while sleep-walking, usually without a memory for the episode the next day.
Term
Circadian Rhythms
Definition
A daily rhythmical change in behavior or physiological process.
Term
Zeitgeber
Definition
A stimulus (usually the light of dawn) that resets the biological clock that is responsible for circadian rhythms.
Term
Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)
Definition
A nucleus situated atop the optic chiasm. It contains a biological clock that is responsible for organizing many of the bod's circadian rhythms. - hypothalamus
Term
Melanopsin
Definition
A photopigment present in ganglion cells in the retina whose axons transmit information to the SCN, the thalamus, and the olviary pretectal nuclei.
Term
Advanced sleep syndrome
Definition
A 4-hour advance in rhythms of sleep and temperature cycles, apparently caused by a mutation of a gene (per2) involved in the rhythmicity of neurons of the SCN
Term
Delayed sleep phase syndrome
Definition
A 4-hour delay in rhythms of sleep and temperature cycles, possibly caused by a mutation of a gene (per3) involved in the rhythmicity of neurons of the SCN
Term
Pineal Gland
Definition
A gland attached to the dorsal tectum; produces melatonin and plays a role in circulation and seasonal rhythms.
Term
Melatonin
Definition
A hormone secreted during the night by the pineal body; plays a role in circadian and seasonal rhythms - response from SCN
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