The understanding that a person’s biological sex does not change even if that person makes significant changes to his or her appearance.

Ex. Daddy does not become a girl when he dresses up like a female on Halloween.

The internalized view of the self as masculine, feminine, or androgynous.

Children identify themselves as male or female.

The psychologist who studied moral reasoning and suggested a stage model of moral development. He developed a model of moral development based on an individual's responses to difficult moral questions called moral dilemmas. He tries to explain how children develop a sense of right or wrong.

This model contains three stages:

Level 1 - Preconventional Morality:

Stage 1. Punishment orientation - A person complies with rules during this stage in order to avoid punishment.

Stage 2. Reward orientation - An action is determined by one's own needs.

Level II. - Conventional Morality

Stage 3. Good-girl/Good-boy orientation - Good behavior is that which pleases others and gets their approval.

Stage 4. Authority orientation - Emphasis is on upholding the law, order, and authority and doing one's duty by following societal rules.

Level III. Postconventional Morality

Stage 5. Social contract orientation. Flexible understanding that people obey rules because they are necessary for the social order but that rules can change if there are good reasons and better alternatives.

Stage 6. Morality of individual principles orientation. Beavior is directed by self-chosen ethical principles. High value is placed on justice, dignity, and equality.

He presented moral dilemmas to subjects and observed differences in reasoning about these dilemmas across age groups.

The term used by Carol Gilligan for the style of moral reasoning found generally in females.

It is basing decisions about morality by considering the impact of actions on other people or on social relationships.

She found that women think about other people’s needs and how decisions affect interpersonal relationships when deliberating about moral dilemmas. Moral reasoning is contextualized in people with this style.

The term used by Carol Gilligan for the style of moral reasoning found generally in males. Males tend to make decisions about right and wrong by applying general, universal, immutable principles of justice.

It is the most developmentally advanced type of morality.

The researcher who investigated the role of feeding in the formation of an attachment relationship.

He conducted a classic experiment in which he observed the behavior of monkeys raised with two surrogate mothers, a terry cloth covered mother and a wire mesh mother. Although the monkeys were fed through a bottle in the wire mesh surrogate, they clung to the terry cloth surrogate.

He concluded that the warmth and comfort given by the cloth mother was the necessary condition for the attachment relationship.

A form of physical or verbal aggression in which there is an intent to harm another person.

It is intentionally inflicting physical or psychological harm on others.

Altruism

(prosocial behavior)

Behavior that is done the good of others and without any expectation of reward or personal gain.

It is the selfless concern for the welfare of others that leads to helping behavior. 

The term used by developmental psychologists for the characteristic in some children that enables them to overcome early obstacles and develop normally.

It is the term used for whatever qualities or characteristics an infant has who is at risk but overcomes those risks. 

resilient children tend to have above average intelligence, are sociable, and have an easy temperament. 

Our set of expectations about appropriate activities for females and males.

- feminine gender role

- masculine gender role

- androgeny

Restrictive views about which gender role men and women should adopt. 

In our culture:

- females are feminine 

- males are masculine

Infants develop the ability to discriminate familiar from  unfamiliar people. Shortly thereafter, they may cry or otherwise become distressed when preferred caregivers leave the room. 

Separation anxiety may begin as early as six months of age, but it usually peaks around 18 months and then gradually declines. 

Anxious-Ambivalent - Children tend not to use the parent as a secure base (and may often cling or refuse to leave their mother). They become very upset when she leaves and may often appear angry or become more upset when she returns.

Avoidant - Children seek little contact with their mother and are not concerned when she leaves. Usually avoid interaction when the parent returns.

Disorganized - Disoriented - Children alternatively approach and avoid contact with their mother. They appear confused about whether to seek or avoid her. Often appears in abused children.

Three factors that are improtant in determining who will become friends:

Similarity: People are generally attracted to those who are similar to themselves in may ways - similar in age, sex, race, economic status, etc.

Proximity: It is easier to develop a friendship with people who are close at hand. Proximity also increases the likelihood of repeated contacts and increased exposure can lead to increased attraction - the mere exposure effect. 

Attractiveness: Physical attractiveness is a major factor in attraction for people of all ages. We tend to like attractive people. Research in social psychology indicates that physical appearance is the most important determinant of first impressions. It also contributes to effectiveness in persuading others to change their beliefs.

Similarity: Dating and married couples tend to be similar in age, race, social class, religion, education, intelligence, attitudes, and interests.

Proximity: We tend to fall in love with people who live nearby.

Attractiveness: We tend to fall in love with people whose attractiveness matches our own according  to the matching hypothesis.

Passionate or Romantic Love: Predominates in the early part of a romantic relationship. Includes intense physiological arousal, psychological interest, sexual desire, and the type of love we mean when we say we are "in love" with someone.

Companionate or Affectionate Love: THe type of love that occurs when we have a deep, caring affection for a person.

Robert Sternberg proposed three components of this theory:

Intimacy:  The encompassing feelings of closeness and connectedness in a relationship.

Passion: The physical and sexual attraction in a relationship.

Decision/Commitment: The initial cognition that one loves someone and the longer-term feelings of commitment to maintain the love.