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| The time between the first onrush of hormones and full adult physical development. _______ usually lasts three to five years. Many more years are required to achieve psychosocial maturity. |
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| A girl's first menstrual period, signaling that she has begun ovulation. Pregnancy is biologically possible, but ovulation and menstruation are often irregular for years after ________. |
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| A boy's first ejaculation of sperm. Erections can occur as early as infancy, but ejaculation signals sperm production. __________ may occur during sleep (in a "wet dream") or via direct stimulation. |
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| An organic chemical substance that is produced by one body tissue and conveyed via the bloodstream to another to affect some physiological function. |
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| A gland in the brain that responds to a signal from the hypothalamus by producing many hormones, including those that regulate growth and that control other glands, among them the adrenal and sex glands. |
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| Two glands, located above the kidneys, that produce hormones (including the "stress hormones" epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine). |
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| HPA (hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal) Axis |
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| A sequence of hormone production that originates in the hypothalamus moves to the pituitary and then to the adrenal glands. |
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| HPG (hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad) Axis |
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| A sequence of hormone production that originates in the hypothalamus moves to the pituitary and then to the gonads. |
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Definition
| A sex hormone, considered the chief estrogen. Females produce much more _________ than males do. |
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| A sex hormone, the best known of the androgens (male hormones); secreted in far greater amounts by males than females. |
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Definition
| A day-night cycle of biological activity that occurs approximately every 24 hours. |
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| A hormone that affects appetite and is believed to affect the onset of puberty. ______ levels increase during childhood and peak at around age 12. |
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| The relatively sudden and rapid physical growth that occurs during puberty. Each body part increases in size on a schedule: Weight usually precedes height, and growth of the limbs precedes growth of the torso. |
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| Primary Sex Characteristics |
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Definition
| The parts of the body that are directly involved in reproduction,, including the vagina, uterus, ovaries, testicles, and penis. |
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| Secondary Sex Characteristics |
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Definition
| Physical traits that are not directly involved in reproduction but that indicate sexual maturity, such as a man's beard and a woman's breasts. |
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| A person's idea of how his or her body looks. |
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| An eating disorder characterized by self-starvation. Affected individuals voluntarily undereat and often overexercise, depriving their vital organs of nutrition. ________ can be fatal. |
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| An eating disorder characterized by binge eating and subsequent purging, usually by inducing vomiting and/or use of laxatives. |
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| A characteristic of adolescent thinking that leads young people (ages 10 to 13) to focus on themselves to the exclusion of others. |
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| An aspect of adolescent egocentrism characterized by an adolescent's belief that his or her thoughts, feelings, and experiences are unique, more wonderful or awful that anyone else's. |
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| An adolescent's egocentric conviction that he or she cannot be overcome or even harmed by anything that might defat a normal mortal, such as unprotected sex, drug abuse, or high-speed driving. |
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| The other people who, in an adolescent's egocentric belief, are watching and taking note of his or her appearance, ideas and behaviors. This belief makes many teenagers very self conscious. |
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| Formal Operational Thought |
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Definition
| In Piaget's theory, the fourth and final stage of cognitive development, characterized by more systematic logical thinking and by the ability to understand and systematically manipulate abstract concepts. |
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| Reasoning that includes propositions and possibilities that may not reflect reality. |
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| Reasoning from a general statement, premise, or principle, through logical steps, to figure out (deduce) specifics. |
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| Reasoning from one or more specific experiences or facts to reach (induce) a general conclusion. |
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| The notion that two networks exist within the human brain, one for emotional and one for analytical processing of stimuli. |
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| Thought that arises from an emotion or a hunch, beyond rational explanation, and is influenced by past experiences and cultural assumptions. |
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| Thought that results from analysis, such as a systematic ranking of pros and cons, risks and consequences, possibilities and facts. Analytic thought depends on logic and rationality. |
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| Literally, the period after primary education (elementary or grade school) and before tertiary education (college). It usually occurs from about age 12 to 18, although there is some variation by school and by nation. |
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| A school for children in the grades between elementary and high school. Middle school usually begins with grade 6 and ends with grade 8. |
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| Entity Approach to Intelligence |
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Definition
| An approach to understanding intelligence that sees ability as innate, a fixed quantity present at birth; those who hold this view do not believe that effort enhances achievement. |
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| Incremental Approach to Intelligence |
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Definition
| An approach to understanding intelligence that holds that intelligence can be directly increase by effort; those who subscribe to this view believe they can master whatever they seek to learn if they pay attention, participate in class, study, complete their homework, and so on. |
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| Bullying that occurs when one person spreads insults or rumors about another by means of technology (e.g., e-mails, text messages, or cell phone videos). |
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| An evaluation that is critical in determining success or failure. If a single test determines whether a student will graduate or be promoted, it is a ______________. |
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