calorie

The amount of energy required

to raise the temperature of one gram of

water by 1⁰ C. (p. 221)

glycolysis

The first step in releasing the

energy of glucose in which a molecule

of glucose is broken into 2

molecules of pyruvic acid. (p221)

* Occurs in the cytoplasm of cells.

Cellular

respiration

The process that releases energy

by breaking down food molecules

in the presence of O₂; includes

glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, &

the electron transport chain (p. 222)

NAD+

 electron carrier involved in glycolysis

& the Kreb's Cycle that becomes

energized by accepting a pair

of high energy electrons (p. 223)

fermentation

 The process by which cells release

energy from glucose in the absence of

O₂; this process keeps glycolysis

going by breaking down

NADH into NAD⁺ (p.224)

anaerobic

 A process such as glycolysis &

fermentation that does

not require oxygen (p. 224)

2 pyruvic acid,  

 2 A.T.P. & 2 N.A.D.H.

Products of Glycolysis

alcohol + CO₂ + NAD⁺

Products of

alcoholic fermentation.

6

The number of molecules of     O₂

produced by cell respiration.

What is a calorie

and what is a Calorie?

lactic acid & NAD⁺

Products of

Lactic Acid fermentation.

6

The number of molecules of     H₂O

produced by cell respiration.

Cytoplasm

Location of glycolysis

& fermentation w/in cells

Muscle Cells

Type of human cells

that may undergo lactic

acid fermentation

aerobic

process that requires air

Krebs cycle

2nd stage of cellular respiration,

in which pyruvic acid is broken

down into CO₂ in a series of

energy-extracting reactions (p. 226)

electron

transport

chain

a series of proteins in which the

high-energy electrons from the Krebs cycle

are used to convert ADP into ATP (p 228)

Why is the Krebs cycle

 also known as

 the citric acid cycle?

Part A ends with citric acid,

 then in Part B the citric acid is broken down which ends up as ATP to be used for cellular activity (energy!).

See page 227 in text book

Why do runners

breathe heavily after a race?

You can think of a quick sprint building up an oxygen debt that a runner has to repay after the race with plenty of heavy breathing.

When the race is over, the only way to get rid of lactic acid is in a chemical pathway that requires extra oxygen.

Lactic

Acid Fermentation

Can usually suppy enough

ATP to last only about

90 seconds.

Cellular

Respiration

For exercise longer than about 90 seconds,  is the

only way to generate a

continuous supply of ATP.

Comparing photosynthesis

& Cellular Respiration

They are almost opposite processes. 

Earlier in the chapter, the chemical energy in carbohydrates was compared to money in a savings account.  Photosynthesis is the process that "deposits"  energy.  Cellular respiration is the process that "withdraws" energy. The equations for photosynthesis and cellular respiration are the reverse of each other.

32

Average # of ATP produced

in the Electron Transport Chain

2

Average # of A.T.P.

produced during the Krebs Cycle

4

Average # of NADH

produced during 1 turn

of the Krebs Cycle

Mitochondrial

Matrix

Location of the

Krebs Cycle

Cristae of

the Mitochondria

Location of

the E.T.C.

1

Average # of FADH₂

produced during 1 turn

of the Krebs Cycle