Term
| Explain how cellular respiration produces ATP from molecules with high potential energy such as glucose. |
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Definition
| In cells glucose is oxidized through a long series of controlled strps; its energy is then harness to fuel the synthesis of ATP |
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Term
| What are the four components of cellular respiration? |
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Definition
Glycolysis
Pyruvate processing
Citric Acid Cycle
Electron transport and chemiosmosis |
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Term
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Definition
| One molecule of glucose is broken down into two molecules of pyruvate, two ATP are produced, and NAD+ is reduced to NADH |
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Term
| Describe pyruvate processing |
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Definition
| pyruvate is processed to form acetyl CoA., during which another NADH is produced. |
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Term
| Describe the Citric Acid Cycle |
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Definition
| Acetyl CoA is oxidized to two CO2 molecules. during this cycle, more ATP and NADH is produced. |
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Term
| Describe electron transport and chemiosmosis. |
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Definition
| Electrons from NADH and FADH2 move through a series of proteins called the electron transport chain. The potential enery released druing these reactions is used to create a proton gradient, which is used to make ATP. |
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Term
| Explain how cellular respiration and fermentation are regulated. |
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Definition
1)Catabolic pathways break down carbs, fats, and proteins.
2)Catabolic intermediates are used in anabolic pathways (ex: if ATP is abundant, pyruvate and lactate can be used to synthesize glucose)
3) Regulating these reactions creates homeostasis. |
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Term
| Describe how fermentation operates in the absence of the electron transport chain. |
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Definition
| NADH inhibits conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA. Then pyruvate builds to a substrate for enzymes of fermentation. These enzyes use NADH to produce pyruvate, producing NAD+ that can be used for glycolysis. |
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Term
| What catabolic intermediates are used in anabolic pathways? |
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Definition
1) amino acids synthesized from molecules made in citric acid cycle
2)Acetyl CoA is the start of fatty-acid synthesis
3)In glycolysis intermediates can be used to make nucleotides
4)Pyruvate and lactate can synthesize glucose |
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Term
| For each glucose molecule processed in glycolysis, what are the net yields? |
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Definition
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Term
| Glucose is used to make ATP through? |
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Definition
| Cellular respiration and fermentation |
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Term
| What kind of energy does glucose have? |
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Definition
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Term
| In a nutshell, describe the reactions involved in cellular respiration. |
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Definition
Carbon atoms of glucose are oxidized to form carbon dioxide
Oxygen atoms in oxygen are reduced to form water
Glucose is oxidized through
- A long series of carefully controlled redox reactions
The resulting change in free energy is used to
Synthesize ATP from ADP and Pi |
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Term
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Definition
Any set of reactions that produces ATP
In an electron transport chain |
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Term
| Where does Glucose come from? |
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Definition
Anabolic pathways
Catabolic pathways |
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Term
| In what order do cells use the 3 macronutrients to produce ATP? |
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Definition
1-Carbohydrates
2-Fats
3-Protein |
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Term
| How are proteins processed into fuel for cells? |
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Definition
| enzymes remove the amino groups. carbon compounds are left that are used in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle |
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Term
| enzymes break down fats to form what? |
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Definition
Glycerol
Acetyl CoA
to remove the amino groups from proteins |
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Term
| Molecules found in carbohydrate metabolism are used to synthesize what macromolecules? |
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Definition
RNA
DNA
Glycogen or starch
Amino acids
Fatty acids
And other cell components |
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Term
| About have the required amino About half the required amino acids can be synthesized from? |
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Definition
| citric acid cycle molecules |
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Term
| Acetyl CoA is the starting point in the synthesis of? |
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Definition
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Term
| Fatty acids can be used to build? |
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Definition
| phospholipid membranes or fats |
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Term
| Intermediates in glycolysis can be oxidized to start the synthesis of the sugars in? |
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Definition
| ribo- and deoxyribonucleotides |
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Term
| Pyruvate and lactate can be used in the synthesis of? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| how many chemical reactions are in glycosis? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where are the enzymes needed for glycolysis found? |
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Definition
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Term
| In glycolysis Glucose is broken down into? |
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Definition
| two molecules of pyruvate |
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Term
| The potential energy released from glycolysis is used to? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two phases of glycolysis? |
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Definition
Energy investment phase
Energy payoff phase |
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Term
| What happens in the energy investment phase? |
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Definition
2 molecules of ATP are consumed
Glucose is phosphorylated twice
Forming fructose-1,6-bisphosphate |
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Term
| What happens in the energy payoff phase of glycolysis? |
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Definition
Sugar is split to form two pyruvate molecules
2 molecules of NAD+ are reduced to NADH
4 molecules of ATP are formed by substrate-level phosphorylation (net gain of 2 ATP) |
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Term
| Substrate-level phosphorylation occurs when |
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Definition
| Substrate-level phosphorylation occurs when |
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Term
| feedback inhibition occurs when? |
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Definition
| When an enzyme in a pathway is inhibited by the product of that pathway |
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Term
| When are cells able to stop glycolytic reactions |
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Definition
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Term
| Cells can conserve their stores of glucose for? |
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Definition
| Times when ATP is scarce. |
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Term
| During glycolysis, high levels of ATP inhibit what enzyme? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does phosphofructokinase do? |
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Definition
| This enzyme catalyzes one of the early reactions in ATP production |
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Term
Pyruvate produced during glycolysis is
Transported from where to where? |
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Definition
| cytosol into the mitochondria |
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Term
| How many membranes do mitochondria have and what are their names? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Are layers of sac-like structures
Fill the interior of the mitochondria
Are connected to the inner membrane by short tubes |
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Term
| The mitochondrial matrix is located where? |
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Definition
inside the inner membrane
But outside the cristae |
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Term
| Pyruvate processing is which step in glucose oxidation? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is pyruvate processing catalyzed by? |
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Definition
| the enzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase |
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Term
| Where does pyruvate processing take place? |
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Definition
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Term
| In the presence of O2 pyruvate goes under a series of reactions to create what |
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Definition
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Term
| How is pyruvate processing regulated? |
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Definition
Abundant ATP inhibits enzymes
low amounts of supplies increases enzymes |
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Term
| What is the third step of glucose oxidation? |
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Definition
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Term
| What molecule from the pyruvate processing is used in the citric acid cycle? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does the citric acid cycle occur? |
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Definition
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Term
| Each acetyl CoA is oxidized to make? |
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Definition
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Term
| What 3 things is the potential energy used for in the citric acid cycle? |
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Definition
Reduce Nad+ to NADH
Reduce FAD to FADH2
Phosphorilate GDP to form GTP |
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Term
| What type of molecules are oxidized and recycled in the citric acid cycle |
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Definition
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Term
| In the citric acid cycle what is created from pyruvate and oxaloaceate. |
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Definition
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Term
| The oxidation of 1 acetyl CoA molecule produces how many of what? |
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Definition
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Term
| The citric acid cycle completes what process? |
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Definition
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Term
| how is the citric acid cycle regulated |
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Definition
| at any point through feedback inhibition |
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Term
| in eukaryotes glycolysis occurs where? |
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Definition
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Term
| every glucose molecule oxidized yields? |
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Definition
6CO2
10 molecules NADH
2 molecules FADH2
4 molecules ATP |
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Term
| What is the fourth step of cellular respiration? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens to the potential energy of NADH and FADH2 in the electron transport chain? |
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Definition
| Potential energy is decreased |
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Term
| The electron transport chain is a series of what type of reactions? |
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Definition
| Protein involved redox reactions |
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Term
| What is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain? |
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Definition
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Term
| In the electron transport chain the transfer to oxygen forms? |
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Definition
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Term
| Energy released as electrons moved through the Electron transport chain are used to do what? |
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Definition
| pump protons across the mitochondrial inner membrane into the intermembrane space |
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Term
| Electron transport proteins are identified by |
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Definition
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Term
| Which protein complexes pump protons in the electron transport chain? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is responsible for transferring electrons between complexes? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is oxidative phosphorilation? |
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Definition
Protons move through the enzyme ATP synthase
Driving the production of ATP from ADP and Pi |
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Term
| the vast majority of payoff in glucose oxidation is via? |
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Definition
| oxidative phosphorilation |
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Term
| Who uses aerobic respiration? |
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Definition
| all eukaryotes and many prokaryotes |
|
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Term
| who uses anaerobic respiration? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why is oxygen the most effective electron receptor? |
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Definition
| it is highly electronegative |
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Term
| What does fermentation do? |
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Definition
| creates Nad+ from NADH glycolysis can produce atp in the absence of oxygen |
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Term
| is firmentation efficient? |
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Definition
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Term
| In firmentation how many ATP per glucose can be made> |
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Definition
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