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Chapter 9
thomas more
24
Biology
Undergraduate 1
10/07/2012

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Term
What is a ligand?
Definition
a signaling molecule
Term
What is a receptor protein?
Definition
the molecule to which the signal binds
Term
What is signal transductions?
Definition
the interaction between ligands and receptor proteins
Term
what four basic mechanisms do cells communicate through?
Definition
direct contact, paracrine signaling, endocrine signaling, and synaptic signaling
Term
What is autocrine signaling?
Definition
cells sending signals to themselves
Term
What happens in direct contact?
Definition
the cells must be touching each together or very close
Term
How does paracrine signaling occur?
Definition
a cell that releases the molecule is in the same vicinity as the target cell.
Term
How does endocrine signaling work?
Definition
cells use the circulatory system to go through the body
Term
What happens in synaptic signaling?
Definition
the cells of the nervous system provide rapid communication with distant cells
Term
What is chemical synapse?
Definition
the association of a nueron and its target cell
Term
What is the signal molecule in synaptic signaling?
Definition
the neurotransmitter
Term
what is phosphorylation?
Definition
the additon of phosphate groups
Term
What are the 3 possible effects of binding a signal molecule to the receptor?
Definition
they cause a gene to be expressed, cause a gene to stop being expressed, or it can cause a previously inactive enzyme to become active 
Term
what is protein kinase?
Definition
a class of enzyme that adds phosphate groups from ATP to proteins
Term
What is phosphatase?
Definition
an enzyme that removes phosphate groups
Term
what are the 3 basic cell-surface receptors?
Definition
ion channels, enzymatic activation, and the g protein
Term
how is calcium important in intracellular signaling?
Definition
enzymes that have a lack of are inactive
Term
describe ion channels
Definition
molecular gates that are triggered to chemically open or close, forms a central pore
Term
describe enzymatic activation
Definition
it acts as an enzyme when signal is bound, it binds the signal extracellulary, catalzyez responses intracellulary
Term
describe g protein-coupled receptors
Definition
links protein with receptor 
Term
what are the three physical connections between cells?
Definition
tight junctions, anchoring junctions, and communication junctions
Term
What do tight junctions do?
Definition
they connect the plasma membranes of adjacent cells in a sheet
Term
What do anchoring junctions do?
Definition
mechanically attach the cytoskeleton of a cell to the cytoskeleton of other cells
Term
What do communicating junctions do?
Definition
chemical or electrical signal passes directly from one cell to one adjacent one
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