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| a system for communicating with others using signals that are combined according to rules of grammar and convey meaning. |
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| a set of rules that specify how the units of language can be combined to produce meaningful messages |
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| the smallest unit of sound that is recognizable as speech rather than as random noise |
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| a set of rules that indicate how phonemes can be combined to produce speech sounds |
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| the smallest meaningful units of language |
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| the meaning of a sentence |
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| refer to things and events (dog, cat, take) |
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| serve grammatical functions, such as tying sentences together (and, or, but) or indicating time (when). |
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| a set of rules that indicate how morphemes can be combined to form words |
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| a set of rules that indicate how words can be combined to form phrases and sentences |
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| children map a word onto an underlying concept after only a single exposure |
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| speech that is devoid of function morphemes and consists mostly of content words |
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| language development is best explained as an innate, biological capacity. |
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| language acquisition device (LAD) |
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| a collection of processes that facilitate language learning. |
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| a syndrome characterized by an inability to learn the grammatical structure of language despite having other wise normal intelligence. |
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| difficulty in procusing or comprehending language |
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| located in the left frontal cortex; involved in the production of the sequential patterns in vocal and sign languages. |
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with damage to the front left cortex, patients understand language relatively well, but have increasing comprehension difficulty as grammatical structures get more complex.
MAIN PROBLEM: they speak in short, stacatto phrases that connsist of content morphemes (cat, dog). |
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| left temporal cortex, and is involved in language comprehension (spoken OR signed) |
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| patients CAN produce grammatical speech, but it tends to be meaningless, and have considerable difficulty comprehending language. |
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| lingustic relativity hypothesis |
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| language shapes the nature of thought |
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| a mental representation that groups or categorizes shared features of related objects, events, or other stimuli |
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| family resemblance theory |
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| members of a category have features that appear to be characteristic of category members but may not be possessed by every member |
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| the "best" or "most typical" member of a category |
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| a theory of categorization that argues that we make category judgments by comparing a new instance with stored memories for other instances of the category |
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| people make category judgments by comparing new instance to the category's prototype. |
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| category-specific deficit |
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| a neurological syndrome that is characterized by an inability to recognize objects that belong to a particular category though the ability to recognize objects outside the category is undisturbed. |
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| the classical view that we make decisions by determining nhow likely something is to happen, judging the value of the outcome, and then multiplying the two. |
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| Items that are more readily available in memory are judged as having occurred more frequently. |
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| the number of times something will happen |
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| the likelihood that something will happen |
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| a fast and efficient strategy that may facilitate decision making but does not guarantee that a solution will be reached. |
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| a well-defined sequence of procedures or rules that guarantees a solution to a problem |
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| when people think that two events are more likely to occur together than either individual event |
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| the existing probabilty of an event, basing judgments on similarities to categories. |
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| representativeness heuristic |
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| making a probability judgment by comparing an object or event to a prototype of the object or event. |
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| occur when people give different answers to the same problem depending on how the problem is phrased (or framed) |
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| occurs when people make decisions about a current situation based on what they have previously invested in the situation |
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| people should make decisions that maximize value |
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| people choose to take on risk when evaluating potential losses and avoid risks when evaluating potential gains |
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| when making decisions, people give freater weight to outcomes that are a sure thing. |
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| frequency format hypothesis |
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| our minds evolved to notice how frequently things occur, not how likely they are to occur. |
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| a process of searching for the means or steps to reduce differences between the current situation and the desired goal |
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| analogical problem solving |
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| solving a problem by finding a similar problem with a known solution and applying that solution to the current problem |
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| a problem that doesn't have a clear goal or well-defined solution path |
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| a problem with clearly specified goals and clearly defined solution paths |
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| a patient without the tumor and with undamaged surrounding tissue |
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| a patient with an inoperable tumor surrounded by fragile tissue |
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| the tendency to perceieve the functions of objects as fixed |
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| a mental activity that consists of organizing information or beliefs into a series of steps to reach conclusions |
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| figuring out what to do, or reasoning directed toward action |
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| reasoning direced toward arriving at a belief |
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| people's judgements about whether to accept conclusions depend more on how believable the conclusions are than on whether the arguments are logically valid |
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| determining whether a conclusion follows from two statements that are assumed to be true. |
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| participants were scanned while they reasoned about syllogisms that could be influenced by knowledge affecting the believability of the conclusions |
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| syllogisms contained obscure terms whose meaning was unknown to participants. |
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