Term
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Definition
| range of symptoms involving disturbances in content of thought, form of thought, perception, affect, sense of self, motivation, behavior, and interpersonal function |
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Term
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Definition
| one percent of adult population |
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Term
| estimated cost of schizophrenia in united states |
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Definition
| billions per ear not including indirect cost such as family care giving and lost income |
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Term
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Definition
| first identified schizo as disease |
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Term
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Definition
| german psychiatrist who systematically defined schizo as dementia praecox and believed that hallucinations, delusions, and bizarre behavioral disturbances seen in people with schizo could ultimately be traced to physical abnormality |
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Term
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Definition
| degeneration of the brain (dementia) that began at relatively young age (praecox) and ultimately led to disintegration of the entire personality |
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Term
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Definition
| coined term schizophrenia (a splitting (schiz) or lack of integration among the individuals psychological functions |
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Term
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Definition
| association, affect, ambivalence, and autism |
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Term
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Definition
| thought disorder, as might be evident through ramblin and incoherent speech |
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Term
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Definition
| disorder of the experience and expression of emotion |
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Term
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Definition
| inability to make or follow through on decisions |
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Term
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Definition
| idiosyncratic style of egocentric thought and behavior |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| hearing voices that comment on one's actions and believing that an outside agent is inserting thoughts into one's mind once thought by schneider as a must for the diagnosis of schizo but is no longer considered valid |
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Term
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Definition
| active, prodromal, residual |
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Term
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Definition
| disturbance that lasts at least 6 months and includes at least 1 month of active symptoms including at least two out of delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, disturbed or catatonic behavior, and negative symptoms |
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Term
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Definition
| delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, disturbed behavior, and negative symptoms |
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Term
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Definition
| speechlessness or lack of initiative |
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Term
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Definition
| period prior to active phase during which the individual shows progressive deterioration in social and interpersonal functioning characterized y maladaptive behaviors |
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Term
| maladaptive behaviors of prodromal phase |
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Definition
| social withdrawal, inability to work productively, eccentricity, poor grooming, inappropriate emotionality, peculiar thought and speech, unusual beliefs, odd perceptual experiences, decreased energy and initiative |
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Term
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Definition
| follows active phase in which there are continuing indications of disturbance similar to the behaviors of the prodromal phase |
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Term
| 2 identifiers in young at risk individuals |
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Definition
| CASIS cluster and positive symptoms |
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Term
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Definition
| cognitive deficits (C), affective disturbances (A), social isolation (SI), and school failure (S) |
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Term
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Definition
| exaggerations or distortions of normal thoughts, emotions, and behavior also thought of as direct lead-ins to the full expression of psychosis |
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Term
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Definition
| delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, disturbed behavior, negative symptoms |
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Term
| disturbance of thought: delusions |
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Definition
| deeply entrenched false beliefs and most common disturbance of thought content associated with schizo |
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Term
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Definition
| grandeur, control, reference, persecution, self-blame, somatic, infidelity, thought broadcasting, thought insertion |
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Term
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Definition
| exaggerated conception of individuals own importance |
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Term
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Definition
| feeling that one is being controlled by others, machines, appliances |
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Term
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Definition
| belief that the behavior of others or certain objects or events are personally referring to oneself |
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Term
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Definition
| another person is truing to inflict harm on them or their family or social group when they really aren't |
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Term
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Definition
| feelings of remorse without justification |
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Term
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Definition
| inappropriate concerns about one's own body, typically related to disease |
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Term
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Definition
| false belief usually associated with pathological jealousy involving the notion that ones lover is being unfaithful |
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Term
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Definition
| ones thought are being broadcasted to others |
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Term
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Definition
| thoughts are being inserted into ones mind by outside forces |
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Term
| 4 delusions most common to schizo |
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Definition
| grandeur, broadcasting, persecution, reference |
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Term
| disturbances in perception: hallucinations |
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Definition
| false perceptions involving one of the five senses that do not correspond to actual stimuli but are real to the person with schizo |
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Term
| disturbances in thinking, language, and communication: disorganized speech |
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Definition
| thinking that lacks cohesiveness and logic and language that can be grossly distorted to the point of incomprehensibility but can also be less dramatic as in the use of awkward or pompous-sounding speech |
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Term
| disturbed or catatonic behavior |
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Definition
| moving in odd ways or displaying catatonic behavior |
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Term
| 3 types of cantonic behavior |
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Definition
| stupor, rigidity, excitement |
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Term
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Definition
| unresponsive to external stimuli, possibly to the point of being unaware of one's surroundings |
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Term
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Definition
| stiffened posturing of the body and resistance to pressure to move |
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Term
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Definition
| purposeless and repetitive bodily movements |
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Term
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Definition
| symptoms that involve funcitoning below the level of behavior regarded as normal |
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Term
| 3 most common negative symptoms |
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Definition
| affective flattening, alogia, avolition |
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Term
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Definition
| unresponsive with relatively motionless body language and facial reactions and minimal eye contact |
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Term
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Definition
| loss of words or notable lack of spontaneity or responsiveness in conversation |
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Term
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Definition
| lack of initiative and unwillingness to act such as staring out the window instead of doing anything else |
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Term
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Definition
| negative symptom characterized by loss of interest in or ability to experience pleasure from activities that most people find appealing |
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Term
| social and occupation dysfunction |
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Definition
| troubled interactions with relatives, acquaintances, strangers particularly during active phase as well as the fact that others see such behaviors as odd and so shun schizos because being around them is confusing and uncomfortable resulting in social isolation and an increased intensity of disorder |
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Term
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Definition
| catatonic type, disorganized type, paranoid type, undifferentiated type, residual type |
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Term
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Definition
| prominent symptom is bizarre motor behaviors |
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Term
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Definition
| combination of symptoms including disorganized speech, disturbed behavior, and flat or inappropriate affect - even persons delusions and hallucinations lack coherent theme - noticeably odd in behavior and have serious impairment in work and other social contexts |
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Term
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Definition
| preoccupied with one or more bizarre delusions or have auditory hallucinations related to theme of being persecuted or harassed - no disorganized speech or disturbed behavior - hallucinations related to content of delusions but cognitive functioning and affect are reasonably normal - interpersonal problems because of suspicions |
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Term
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Definition
| mixed symptoms making it difficult for clinician to place client into other schizo category |
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Term
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Definition
| not delusional, hallucinating, incoherent, or disorganized but retain symptoms such as emotional dullness, social withdrawal, eccentric behavior, or illogical thinking |
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Term
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Definition
| psychotic (factor 1), negative (factor 2), and disorganized (factor 3) |
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Term
| the need for three-factor dimensional model |
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Definition
| because of the limited value of the schizo subtypes in clinical and research settings |
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Term
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Definition
| individual experiences prominent delusions and hallucinations |
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Term
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Definition
| conditions characterized by negative symptoms (affective flattening, alogia, avolition) |
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Term
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Definition
| disorganized speech, disorganized behavior, and inappropriate affect |
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Term
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Definition
serious (continuous positive symptoms with no remission), episodes of positive symptoms with only negative symptoms in between, single episodes without another recurrence of disorder (remission)
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Term
| broad list of 15 factors associated with more favorable prognosis in people with schizo |
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Definition
| adjustment prior to onset, acute onset, later age at onset, good insight, female, precipitating event associated with onset, presence of associated mood disturbance, medication soon after onset, compliance with medication recommendations, brief duration of active-phase symptoms, good functioning between episodes, absence of structural brain abnormalities, normal neurological functions, fam history of mood disorders, no fam history of schizo |
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Term
| gender and age development and prevalence of late onset and gender |
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Definition
- men more likely to develop disorder between ages 18 and 25 - women more likely to develop disorder between 25 and mid-thirties
- 3 to 10 percent of women have onset after age 40 whereas men are not as likely to have such late onsets
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Term
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Definition
- women more likely to have paranoid delusions, hallucinations,and intense affective symptoms
- men more likely to experience neg symptoms such as flat affect and social withdrawal
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Term
| 5 other psychiatric disorders |
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Definition
| brief psychotic disorder, schizophreniform disorder, schizoaffective disorder, delusional disorders, shared psychotic disorder |
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Term
| brief psychotic disorder - "nervous breakdown" |
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Definition
| characterized by a sudden onset of psychotic symptoms that lasts less than a month |
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Term
| trigger of symptoms of brief psychotic disorder |
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Definition
| "stressors or often reactive symptoms appearing after stressful event or set of events and eventually the person returns to normal functioning |
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Term
| 3 types of stressors associated with brief psychotic disorder |
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Definition
| marked, without marked, or with postpartum onset |
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Term
| common behavior found in brief psychotic disorder behavior |
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Definition
| individuals may act in ways that are completely uncharacteristic of their premorbid personality, failing to take care of themselves or interacting with others in ways that are incomprehensible to those who care about them - suicidal thoughts not uncommon |
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Term
| 3 treatments of brief psychotic disorder and 2 related general types of medication |
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Definition
| short-term use of antianxiety or anti-psychotic meds to help return to normal functioning, dependent upon the nature of the stressor, psychotherapy |
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Term
| 2 diagnostic features of brief psychotic disorder |
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Definition
- for at least 1 day, but less than 1 month, individuals experience one of the symptoms of delusion, hallucination, disorganized speech, or grossly disturbed or catatonic behavior
- condition can be specifies as being one with marked stressor, unmarked stressor, or postpartum onset
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Term
| schizophreniform disorder |
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Definition
| psychotic symptoms essentially the same as those found in schizo except for duration |
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Term
| 3 treatments for schizophreniform disorder and 1 related general type of medication |
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Definition
| antipsychotic medication for the acute phase of disorder followed by steady weaning off medication, electroconvulsive therapy in cases which symptoms are dangerously out of control, psychotherapy |
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Term
| 1 diagnostic criteria for shcizophreniform disorder |
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Definition
- one episode (at least 1 month but less than 6 in duration) of at least two of the schizo symptoms of delusion, hallucination, disorganized speech, disturbed or catatonic behavior, negative symptoms
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Term
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Definition
| people who experience either a major depressive episode, a manic episode, or a mixed episode at the same time that they meet the diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia |
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Term
| 2 treatments of schizoaffective disorder and 3 related medications |
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Definition
| trial and error of medications such as lithium, antidepressants, and antipsychotic medication (alone or combined), individualized psychotherapy |
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Term
| 3 diagnostic features of schizoaffective disorder |
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Definition
- uninterrupted period of disturbance having major depressive episode, manic episode, or mixed episode concurrent with two of the schizo symptoms discussed in prior diagnostic criteria
- during period of disturbance person has experienced delusions or hallucinations for at least 2 weeks in the absence of mood symptoms
- mood episode symptoms are present for significant portion of duration of active and residual periods of disturbance
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Term
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Definition
| single striking psychotic symptom - an organized system of nonzero false beliefs (hallucinations are not prominent and do not show symptoms that would make diagnosis of schizo or mood disorder appropriate) |
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Term
| 5 types of delusional disorder |
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Definition
| erotomanic, grandiose, jealous, persecutory, somatic |
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Term
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Definition
| delusion that another person, usually of great prominence, is deeply in love with them |
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Term
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Definition
| delusion that one is an extremely important person |
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Term
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Definition
| the belief that one's sexual partner is being unfaithful |
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Term
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Definition
| believe they are being harassed or oppressed |
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Term
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Definition
| belief that they have dreaded disease or that they are dying |
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Term
| 5 diagnostic criteria of delusional disorder |
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Definition
- have non-bizarre delusion lasting at least 1 month
- never had schizo symptoms other than possible tactile or olfactory hallucinations related to delusional theme
- functioning not impaired/behavior not bizarre
- if mood disturbances have occurred concurrent with delusions, duration brief
- five types previously learned
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Term
| shared psychotic disorder |
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Definition
| one or more people develop a delusional system as a result of a close relationship with a psychotic person who is delusional in which disorder develops in context of relationship with history of pathological dependence where nonpsychotic person gets caught up in delusional system of psychotic person and becomes equally consumed ny irrational belief |
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Term
| folie a deux (folly of two) |
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Definition
| term used to refer to pair sharing disorder |
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Term
| 1 diagnostic criteria of shared psychotic disorder |
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Definition
- appropriate in cases in which a person develops a delusion similar to an already established delusion held by a person with whom he or she shares a close relationship
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Term
| schizophrenic spectrum disorders |
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Definition
| refers to schizophrenic-like conditions ranging from some of the personality disorders to certain psychotic disorders |
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Term
| 2 extremes ends of schizophrenic-spectrum disorders |
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Definition
| schizophrenia and mood disorders with psychotic features being at the two extremes |
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Term
| 3 betweens of schizophrenic-spectrum disorders |
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Definition
| schizotypal personality disorder, other psychoses without prominent mood features, and schizoaffective disorder |
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Term
| 2 categories accounting for origin of schizo |
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Definition
| biological and psychological |
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Term
| 3 biological perspectives |
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Definition
| brain structure and function, genetics, biological stressors and vulnerability |
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Term
| abnormalities in volume of brain cause |
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Definition
| enlarged ventricles often accompanied by cortical atrophy |
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Term
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Definition
| wasting away of brain tissue |
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Term
| 2 locations of decreased brain volume |
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Definition
| prefrontal lobes (planning and inhibiting thoughts) and temporal lobes (processesing auditory info) |
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Term
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Definition
| delusions, hallucination, and attentional deficits found in schizo can be attributed to overactivity of neurons communicating with each other via the transmission of dopamine |
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Term
| specific dopamine receptor in cases involving later age of onset |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| closer a relative is to an individual with schizo, the greater the likelihood of concordance (identical twins highest concordance at close to 48 percent) |
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Term
| chromosome 22 deletion syndrome and other possible related gene |
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Definition
| people with condition are missing basic genetic info in particular area near middle reagion of chromosome 22 and possible related to psychotic symptoms, impairments in cognition, and communication deficits associated with schizo - chromosome 5 (responsible for transport of neurotransmitters including serotonin) |
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Term
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Definition
| bio-behavioral abnormalities linked to genetic and neurobiological causes of mental illness or heritable traits that are not direct symptoms of the disorder (delusion or hallucination) but have been found to be associated with the condition |
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Term
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Definition
| prenatal period and delivery |
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Term
| diathesis-stress model and Paul Meehl term "schizotypy" |
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Definition
| individuals inherit vulnerability to schizo, expressed when individual is exposed to stressors from environment |
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Term
| electrophysiological functioning and testing cognitive functioning |
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Definition
| used to identify which individuals have inherited a vulnerability to schizo |
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Term
| 3 methods of testing electrophysiological functioning |
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Definition
| smooth pursuit eye movements, antisaccade eye movements, sensory gating |
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Term
| smooth pursuit eye movements and implication |
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Definition
- visually follow targets such as small point of light on dark background while eye movements records eye movement
- schizo show irregular pursuit of moving target along with interruptions by extraneous eye movements
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Term
| antisaccade eye movements and implications |
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Definition
- look in direction opposite side of stimulus
- poorer performance of those in the acute stage of schizo
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Term
| sensory gating and implications |
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Definition
- repeated presentation of auditory stimulus and measuring evoked brain potentials
- schizo do not show sensory gating effect meaning they are more likely to have difficulty filtering out irrelevant distractions
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Term
| continuous performance test and implications |
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Definition
- when certain target stimulus displayed individual makes response and is presented with other stiuli at random
- people with schizo do poorly
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Term
| 8 potential influences on cognitive impairment |
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Definition
| pathophysiology (illness-related brain disturbance), genes, chronic stress and distress, medication, education, gender, sociocultural influences, content and structure of cognitive task itself |
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Term
| 3 sociocultural perspectives |
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Definition
| family systems, social causation hypothesis, downward social drift hypothesis |
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Term
| expressed emotion (ee) and implications |
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Definition
- provides a measure of the degree to which family members speak in ways that reflect criticism, hostile feelings, and emotional overinvolvement or overconcern
- high in ee more likely to suffer relapse
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Term
| social causation hypothesis |
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Definition
| membership in lower ses may actually cause schizo as they experience numerous economic hardships and are often denied access to benefits such as education, health care, and employment |
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Term
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Definition
| downplays effects of ses and presumes schizo develops at equal rates cross social, cultural, and economic backgrounds and once people develop it their ses declines because the symptoms of schizo prevent them from economic success |
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Term
| biological treatment general medication category and 6 examples |
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Definition
| antipsychotics (aka neuroleptics) with sedating qualities such as thorazine, mellaril, stelazine, navane, haldol, prolixin |
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Term
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Definition
| affects 10 to 20 percent of people who take neuroleptics for a year or more and causes uncontrollable movements in various parts of the body including mouth, tongue, lips, fingers, arms, legs, and trunk |
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Term
| 5 examples of second-generation antipsychotics (aks "atypical antipsychotics") |
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Definition
| clozaril, solian, risperdal, zyprexa, serlect |
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Term
| major psychological perspective |
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Definition
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Term
| 2 major examples of behavioral therapy used in treating schizo |
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Definition
| token economy, social skills training |
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Term
| 2 major examples of sociocultural treatments |
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Definition
| milieu therapy, assertive community treatment (act) |
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